Biotribology

Although snake-like robots are only rarely used in real applications, numerous designs have been proposed by different researchers. In addition to the capability of grasping objects by bending their body around them, snakes travel in various environments by using different gaits. To move forward, they need a skin which provides friction anisotropy to the ground. The designs of snake-like robots vary in their actuation mechanism as well as in the design of their artificial skin. In this work, we present a novel design of an artificial snakeskin. The design is related to an application in soft robotics, but is not restricted to this type of robot. Since soft robots are flexible and can stretch, our artificial skin is also able to. It is inspired by the belly of snakes and provides friction anisotropy in forward-reverse direction. To achieve this, we embed scales with a specific angle of attack into a flexible base body. In the experimental investigation of the artificial snakeskin, we determine the friction anisotropy for two base body materials with different stiffness and for three angles of attack. Although the development of the artificial skin is at an early stage, the results of the experimental investigation are promising. The dynamic behavior of the artificial snakeskin indicates that a flexible base material reduces friction in forward direction and increases friction in reverse direction, thus enhancing friction anisotropy. Furthermore, the results obtained give important information for further design improvements in future. Presentation of a modular and stretchable artificial snakeskin Systematic investigation of the frictional properties when changing the angle of attack of the scales and the softness of the base material the scales are embedded in A soft base material increases friction anisotropy and reduces inaccuracies of hand manufacturing Demonstration of a soft robotic actuator which uses the artificial snakeskin for crawling.

Frederik Lamping

Stanislav N. Gorb

Kristin M. de Payrebrune

Frictional Properties of a Novel Artificial Snakeskin for Soft Robotics

软体机器人新型仿生蛇皮摩擦特性研究

In order to mimic Friction-Induced Vibrations (FIV) and render the perception of textures, a tactile device, named PIEZOTACT, has been developed by a thin, lightweight and flexible Electro-Active Polymer (EAP) piezoelectric actuator. The presented signal processing strategy, exploiting the Transfer Function of the electro-mechanical device, allowed for mimicking and accurately reproducing the FIV stimuli, measured when touching real textures. The correct FIV reproduction, by the developed device, has been verified by comparing the spectra of the measured signals when touching real surfaces and the ones reproduced on the fingertip by the PIEZOTACT device. A pilot discrimination campaign, performed on a single subject, highlighted the capabilities of the device, being the subject able to discriminate the simulated textures with a low number of mistakes. Moreover, the errors in discrimination were consistent with the ones occurred when discriminating the corresponding real surfaces. The spectra of the induced vibrations (tactile stimuli) allowed as well for explaining the difficulties to discriminate certain textures.

Livia Felicetti

Eric Chatelet

Antoine Latour

Pierre-Henri Cornuault

Francesco Massi

Tactile rendering of textures by an Electro-Active Polymer piezoelectric device: mimicking Friction-Induced Vibrations

电活性聚合物压电装置的纹理触觉渲染：模拟摩擦诱导振动

Ti6Al4V and CoCrMo alloys are important metallic materials in orthopaedics applications because of their excellent combination of corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. However, Ti6Al4V possesses poor wear resistance, and CoCrMo implants have been reported to release toxic ions in vivo. In addition, orthopaedics applications are subjected to corrosive media and cyclic stresses, increasing the likelihood of scratching the surface, removing the protective oxide film, and thereby causing cathodic polarisation of the system. The present work examined the material loss in tribocorrosion and the thickness and resistivity (status) of the oxide layer under different cathodic potentials. The cathodic polarisation conditions were chosen to reflect those that might be found in vivo. The results explicitly showed a different impact of the cathodic potentials on the tribocorrosion behaviour of the two materials.

Righdan Namus

W.M. Rainforth

The influence of cathodic potentials on the surface oxide layer status and tribocorrosion behaviour of Ti6Al4V and CoCrMo alloys in simulated body fluid

阴极电位对Ti6Al4V和CoCrMo合金在模拟体液中表面氧化层状态及摩擦腐蚀行为的影响

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been widely used as a bearing material for the artificial joint prosthetics and other orthopedic applications since the 1960s due to its excellent biocompatibility, high thermal conductivity, self-lubrication ability and low cost. More than 300,000 total hip replacement surgeries are performed in the United States (US) each year which is used to treat degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis, by replacing a patient's natural hip joint with a prosthetic implant. But the poor tribological properties of smooth UHMWPE associated with friction and wear are the major impediments that significantly decline the longevity prosthetic hip joints after 10–15 years of use. Micro-surface texturing has been proven to be the most viable method because it can directly play an important role in improving the tribological properties of UHMWPE. This review article includes the recent development of micro texturing process, different types of micro texturing methods for orthopedic bearings as well as some texturing parameters which affect the tribological behavior of UHMWPE surfaces. Tribological results produced by micro texturing of UHMWPE are reviewed with systematic approach in terms of coefficient of friction and wear. It's been demonstrated experimentally by many researchers that micro texturing can improve the tribological performance of UHMWPE surfaces significantly by reducing the coefficient of friction and wear rate.

MD Mashfiqur Rahman

Md. Abu Sayeed Biswas

Kazi Naimul Hoque

Recent development on micro-texturing of UHMWPE surfaces for orthopedic bearings: A review

超高分子量聚乙烯骨科轴承表面微织构的最新进展：综述

Acoustic emissions have been used to interpret the frictional processes observed in a simulated metal-on-polymer joint replacement articulation during in vitro testing. The coefficient of friction profile is predicted from AE features using a nonlinear autoregressive neural network with an external input model, and the evolution of surface damage is identified using k-means clustering of the distribution of emission types from running-in to prolonged sliding states. The predicted coefficient of friction profiles were found to exhibit a similar response to the actual coefficient of friction profiles. Clustering showed that a higher percentage of continuous emissions are generated during the prolonged sliding stage, indicating sliding friction being the most dominant process during that state. The findings of this study provide a significant pathway toward achieving the potential of AE testing as a more intuitive and dynamic process of monitoring the tribological conditions of artificial joints and diagnosing the pathologies of the natural joints.

K.A. Olorunlambe

D.G. Eckold

D.E.T. Shepherd

K.D. Dearn

Bio-Tribo-Acoustic Emissions: Condition Monitoring of a Simulated Joint Articulation

生物-摩擦-声发射：模拟关节运动的状况监测

Metal wear and corrosion debris remain a limiting factor for long-term durability of total hip replacement (THR). Common wear particle production techniques for research differ from the actual tribocorrosion processes at the implant site, potentially causing loss of valuable information. The aim of this study was to investigate reactions to freshly generated and time-stabilized particles and ions released from CoCrMo-alloy using a bio-tribometer, which mimics conditions of the periprosthetic environment. THP-1 macrophages were challenged with freshly produced or time-stabilized wear debris. Wear generation took place in a custom-built bio-tribometer inside a CO2 incubator operating with a reciprocating rotation of an Al2O3 ball against a CoCrMo disc. Two different electrochemical conditions with increasingly forced corrosion rates were tested: +0.45 V (passive domain) and +0.67 V (transition to transpassive domain). Cell viability, proinflammatory cytokines, electrochemical measurements and ICP-MS metal ion content analyses were performed. Cobalt/ chromium concentrations were 6.6/ 1.6 ppm in the passive domain and almost doubled to 11.4/ 3.0 ppm in the passive-transpassive domain. Under those electrochemical conditions, freshly produced and time-stabilized CoCrMo wear decreased cell viability to the same extent. Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines were not significantly different for freshly produced and time-stabilized debris. This study suggests that freshly generated and time-stabilized metal particles/ions cause similar toxicity and inflammatory reactions in macrophages, indicating that standard practices for generating wear debris are valid methods to evaluate wear particle disease. Other cell types, materials, and corrosion potentials need to be studied in the future to solidify the conclusion.

Kathrin Ebinger

Lauryn Samelko

Simona Radice

Nadim J. Hallab

Markus A. Wimmer

Translational characterization of macrophage responses to stable and non-stable CoCrMo wear and corrosion debris generated in-situ for total hip replacement

全髋关节置换中稳定和不稳定CoCrMo磨损和腐蚀碎屑的原位生成对巨噬细胞反应的转化特征

Polyethylene wear has been a concern for the longevity of total knee replacements (TKR). A characteristic wear feature often observed on the articular surfaces of retrieved polyethylene tibial inserts is a striated pattern of hills and troughs. This pattern is of interest because its surface area has been found to correlate with increased tibial insert wear. We therefore addressed the following two research questions: (1) What is the prevalence of the striated pattern on a contemporary tibial insert design made from conventional ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)? (2) Are the peaks and troughs of the striated pattern connected with differences in crystallinity developed during the wear process? The prevalence and area coverage of the striated patterns were determined on a set of 81 retrieved tibial inserts of a cruciate-retaining TKR design. The striated areas were mapped using an optical coordinate measuring machine. Differences in crystallinity between troughs and hills were determined on a representative tibial insert using Raman spectroscopy. The striated pattern was observed on 61 out of 81 (75%) of the retrieved tibial inserts, covering an average of 32% of the total articular area. In the representative insert that was evaluated, the hills exhibited higher crystallinity (68%) than the troughs (54%) (p = 0.001). Conversely, the troughs exhibited higher amorphous phase content (22%) than the hills (19%) (p = 0.04). In conclusion, this pattern of hills and troughs is another example of microstructural changes in UHMWPE stemming from tribological stresses.

Elmira M. Rad

Michel P. Laurent

Robin Pourzal

Striated pattern on worn surface of a retrieved TKR Tibial insert stems from microstructural changes in the UHMWPE

从超高分子量聚乙烯微观结构变化探讨回收全膝关节置换胫骨衬垫磨损表面的条纹模式

G.H. Majzoobi

K. Rahmani

M. Mohammadi

H. Bakhtiari

R. Das

Tribological behaviour of Ti/HA and Ti/SiO2 functionally graded materials fabricated at different strain rates

不同应变速率下制备的Ti/HA和Ti/SiO2功能梯度材料的摩擦学行为

Philippa Cann

Markus Wimmer

Marc Masen

Editorial: Biotribology

社论：生物摩擦学

Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized medical applications, but the challenge of matching the mechanical performance of machined parts remains. Recent advancements in AM have pushed boundaries, yet challenges persist. 3D-printed parts exhibit lower tensile and flexural strength, coupled with inferior fracture toughness but higher microhardness, attributed to inherent anisotropy. This review explores the potential of poly-aryl-ether-ketone (PAEK) materials, especially polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and composites, to address these concerns. The paper highlights the necessity of thoroughly exploring the tribological behaviour of 3D-printed PAEKs in load-bearing orthopaedic applications with clinically representative configurations, allowing for further investigation into the long-term viability of these materials. The review evaluates surface modification approaches for enhancing biocompatibility, osseointegration, and performance of 3D-printed PEEK implants. Incorporating hydroxyapatite (HAp) into the PEEK matrix shows promise, but optimal HAp percentages vary. Optimizing pore size and coating composition within PEEK composites must balance mechanical properties and bioactivity. To guide future research, the review outlines critical directions. These include investigating surface modification techniques with PEEK composites, exploring bioactive additives, optimizing pore size and shape in PEEK scaffolds, and in-depth studies on long-term biocompatibility and osseointegration under dynamic conditions. Additive manufacturing (AM) holds significant potential in transforming medical applications, with a particular focus on polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and its derivatives, collectively known as poly-aryl-ether-ketone (PAEK) materials. Advances in AM precision have paved the way for the successful 3D printing of high-performance thermoplastics like PEEK, offering new prospects in load-bearing medical applications. This systematic review comprehensively assesses recent scientific literature concerning the tribo-mechanical properties and bioactivity of additively manufactured PAEK materials, with a specific emphasis on PEEK, for load-bearing medical uses. Despite substantial research into AM of metallic biomaterials, knowledge gaps persist regarding AM processing parameters, structure-property relationships, biological behaviours, and implantation suitability of PAEKs. This review bridges these gaps by analysing existing literature on the tribo-mechanical properties and bioactivity of additively manufactured PAEK materials, providing valuable insights into their performance in load-bearing medical applications. Key aspects explored include printing conditions, strength limitations, and outcomes of in-vitro and in-vivo evaluations. Through this systematic review, we consolidate current knowledge, delivering essential information for researchers, clinicians, and manufacturers involved in advancing additively manufactured PAEK materials for load-bearing medical applications.

Benjamin A. Clegg

Dilesh Raj Shrestha

Nazanin Emami

Tribo-Mechanical Properties and Bioactivity of Additively Manufactured PAEK Materials for Load Bearing Medical Applications: A Systematic Review

承载医疗应用增材制造PAEK材料的摩擦机械性能和生物活性：系统综述

ISSN	2352-5738
h-index	23

Publication Information	Publisher: Elsevier Ltd，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2015，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%

Biotribology

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