SMALL METHODS 专注于材料科学、生物医学科学、化学和物理学所有领域适用于纳米和微米级研究的任何和所有方法的重大进展，其中包括实验技术的前沿发展。

The journal "Small Methods" focuses on significant advancements in all areas of materials science, biomedical science, chemistry, and physics, applicable to nano and micro-scale research, including cutting-edge developments in experimental techniques.

《Small Methods》期刊专注于材料科学、生物医学科学、化学和物理学等领域，涵盖所有适用于纳米和微米级研究的重大方法进展，包括实验技术的前沿发展。

Small Methods

Considerable improvements in the electrocatalytic activity of 2D metal phosphorous trichalcogenides (M2 P2 X6 ) have been achieved for water electrolysis, mostly with MII2 [P2 X6 ]4- as catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, MI MIII P2 S6 (MI = Cu, Ag; MIII = Sc, V, Cr, In) are synthesized and tested for the first time as electrocatalysts in alkaline media, towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and HER. AgScP2 S6 follows a 4 e- pathway for the ORR at 0.74 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode; CuScP2 S6 is active for HER, exhibiting an overpotential of 407 mV and a Tafel slope of 90 mV dec-1 . Density functional theory models reveal that bulk AgScP2 S6 and CuScP2 S6 are both semiconductors with computed bandgaps of 2.42 and 2.23 eV, respectively and overall similar electronic properties. Besides composition, the largest difference in both materials is in their molecular structure, as Ag atoms sit at the midpoint of each layer alongside Sc atoms, while Cu atoms are raised to a similar height to S atoms, in the external segment of the 2D layers. This structural difference probably plays a fundamental role in the different catalytic performances of these materials. These findings show that MI (Cu, Ag) together with Sc(MIII ) leads to promising achievements in MI MIII P2 S6 materials as electrocatalysts.

Filipa M. Oliveira

Jan Paštika

Iva Plutnarová

Vlastimil Mazánek

Karol Strutyński

Manuel Melle‐Franco

Zdeněk Sofer

Rui Gusmão

2D Layered Bimetallic Phosphorous Trisulfides MIMIIIP2S6 (MI = Cu, Ag; MIII = Sc, V, Cr, In) for Electrochemical Energy Conversion

While solution-processable colloidal quantum dots (QDs) offer cost-effective and large-scale manufacturing, they can be susceptible to subsequent solution processes, making continuous processing challenging. To enable complex and integrated device architectures, robust QD films with subsequent patterning are necessary. Here, we report a facile ligand-crosslinking strategy based on thiol-ene click chemistry. Thiol molecules added to QD films react with UV light to form radicals that crosslink with QD ligands containing carbon double bonds, enabling microscale photo-patterning of QD films and enhancing their solvent resistance. This strategy can also be extended to other ligand-capped nanocrystals. It is found that the swelling of QD films during the process of binding with the thiol molecules placed between the ligands contributes to the improvement of photoluminescence and electroluminescence properties. These results suggest that the thiol-ene crosslinking modifies the optoelectronic properties and enables direct optical patterning, expanding the potential applications of QDs.

Seungki Shin

Kyungwan Kang

Hyunwoo Jang

Namyoung Gwak

Seongchan Kim

Tae Ann Kim

Nuri Oh

Ligand‐Crosslinking Strategy for Efficient Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes via Thiol‐Ene Click Chemistry

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have been regarded as promising candidates for large‐scale energy storage system, and their electrochemical performance is determined by the cathode materials. Recently, the polyanion‐type cathode Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7(NFPP) demonstrates decent performance, while there exists promotion space with respect to its cycle stability and rate capability. Herein, an entropy‐enhanced Na4Fe2.95(NiCoMnMgZn)0.01(PO4)2P2O7(HE‐NFPP) cathode is proposed with improved rate performance (67.1 mAh g−1at 50 C) and cycle performance (retention of 92.0% after 1000  cycles at 1 C). The enhancement of configuration entropy improves the structural stability of NFPP thermodynamically. In‐situ XRD illustrates the sodium storage mechanism of HE‐NFPP as an imperfect solid solution reaction driven by Fe2+/Fe3+redox with a low volume change of 4.0% (90.9% of NFPP). Through doping, the structure distortion and abrupt rearrangement are inhibited. Additionally, HE‐NFPP and hard carbon (HC) are utilized to fabricate pouch cell that demonstrates an average working voltage of 3.0 V and a maximum energy density of 165 Wh kg−1(based on the total mass of active materials). These results highlight the potential for enhancing the high‐rate and long‐cycle performance of NFPP as a promising cathode for SIBs through an entropy‐enhanced multi‐doping strategy.

Guodong Li

Yongjie Cao

Jiawei Chen

Kai Zhang

Yajing Liu

Xiue Zhang

Yonggang Wang

Fei Wang

Yongyao Xia

Entropy‐Enhanced Multi‐Doping Strategy to Promote the Electrochemical Performance of Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7

Abstract 2D materials with large specific surface area and robust mechanical properties are appropriate for electrocatalysis. However, the unsatisfactory adsorption energy and limited active sites restrict their commercial application. Herein, a facile and rapid electrochemical strategy enabling synchronous exfoliation and doping is designed to directly synthesize metal‐doped 2D materials from the bulk crystals. By using black phosphorus as a model, various metal doped phosphorene such as BP (Co) , BP (Mo) , and BP (Ni) is obtained, and a synergistic synthesis mechanism is proposed. Notably, the dopant introduces electronic band transformation, charge redistribution, and state occupation confirmed by density functional theory calculations. Owing to the enhanced electro‐conductivity, abundant metal‐P active sites, and optimized adsorption energy by doping, the BP (metal) exhibits enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction activities and stability in comparison to the bare phosphorene. Particularly, BP (Co) presents highest activity with a potential of 0.294 V at 10 mA cm −2 (the current density is normalized with electrochemical surface area by using a double‐layer capacitance method). This study provides new access to synthesize highly efficient electrocatalysts, and also enriches the structure modulation means for layered 2D materials.

Danni Liu

Jiahong Wang

Jiang Lu

Chao Ma

Hao Huang

Zhongzheng Wang

Lie Wu

Qian Liu

Shaowei Jin

Paul K. Chu

Xue‐Feng Yu

Direct Synthesis of Metal‐Doped Phosphorene with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

直接合成金属掺杂磷烯以增强电催化析氢性能

Camptothecin (CPT) is a highly cytotoxic molecule with excellent antitumor activity against various cancers. However, its clinical application is severely limited by poor water solubility, easy inactivation, and severe toxicity. Structural modifications and nanoformulations represent two crucial avenues for camptothecin's development. However, the potential for further structural modifications is limited, and camptothecin nanoparticles fabricated via physical loading have the drawbacks of low drug loading and leakage. Prodrug-based CPT nanoformulations have shown unique advantages, including increased drug loading, reduced burst release, improved bioavailability, and minimal toxic side effects. Stimulus-responsive CPT nano-prodrugs that respond to various endogenous or exogenous stimuli by introducing various activatable linkers to achieve spatiotemporally responsive drug release at the tumor site. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest research advances in stimulus-responsive CPT nano-prodrugs, including preparation strategies, responsive release mechanisms, and their applications in cancer therapy. Special focus is placed on the release mechanisms and characteristics of various stimulus-responsive CPT nano-prodrugs and their application in cancer treatment. Furthermore, clinical applications of CPT prodrugs are discussed. Finally, challenges and future research directions for CPT nano-prodrugs are discussed. This review to be valuable to readers engaged in prodrug research is expected.

Bingyang Chu

Hanzhi Deng

Ting Niu

Ying Qu

Zhiyong Qian

Stimulus‐Responsive Nano‐Prodrug Strategies for Cancer Therapy: A Focus on Camptothecin Delivery

Abstract Manipulating the electronic correlation is a long‐term issue in the Kondo regime. Based on the pioneer successes in many localized f ‐orbital systems, further achievements in more itinerant d ‐orbital systems will open up avenues for numerous systems to participate in enabling the understanding of the electron interactions toward quantum criticality. Here, by simply tuning the ratio of Fe vacancies ( x ) in d ‐orbital Fe 3‐ x GeTe 2 ( x = 0.07–0.54), the effective mass of Kondo lattice (KL) Fe 3‐ x GeTe 2 is modulated due to the change of spinless Kondo hole densities, through a series of scaling investigations including on the effective and spontaneous moments µ eff and µs pon , magnetic susceptibility χ , the Sommerfeld coefficient γ , and the resistivity coefficients A . By analyzing the Fermi liquid characteristics of KL via the two relations of A FL / γ 2 and χ 0 Pauli / γ below T * , an orbital coupling between degenerate orbitals of local moment S and multiple conducting spins m are found. With increasing Fe vacancy concentration, the localization effect, and Kondo interactions can be manipulated simultaneously, and the change in 2 S /m leads to a subtle over‐under‐over‐ Kondo screening states evolution in Fe 3‐ x GeTe 2 . This work expands the comprehension of Kondo screening and provides a facile method to control electron correlation.

Hang Xu

Mengting Zhao

Shengjie Xu

Yilian Xi

Jingwei Zhang

Haifeng Feng

Jincheng Zhuang

Wei Cai

Yi Du

Weichang Hao

Fe‐Vacancies Manipulate Kondo Screening States in the d‐Orbital Kondo Lattice of Fe3‐xGeTe2 (x = 0.07–0.54)

铁空位调控Fe3‐xGeTe2 (x = 0.07–0.54)中d轨道近藤晶格的近藤屏蔽态

Abstract 2D transition‐metal dichalcogenide semiconductors such as MoS 2 are identified as a platform for next‐generation electronic circuitries. However, the progress toward industrial applications is still lagging due to imperfections of wafer‐scale deposition techniques and in‐contact parasitic impedance affecting device integration in large circuits and systems. Here, on contact engineering of large‐scale, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown monolayer MoS 2 films is reported, leading to improved performance of field effect transistors. The transistor performance of monolayer pure MoS 2 is initially characterized by its I ON / I OFF ratio (10 6 ), carrier density (≈10 12 cm −2 ), and mobility (≈10 cm 2 Vs −1 ), and the Schottky barrier height (SBH) of conventional metallic Au contact of MoS 2 (≈215 meV). Then, a CVD‐grown degenerately‐doped monolayer of alloy V 0.25 Mo 0.75 S 2 is introduced between Au and MoS 2 of a modified transistor, reducing the SBH to ≈100 meV. The reduced contact resistance (≈50%) of the device with an atomically thin contact interface complies with the theoretical model and is free from Fermi‐level pinning effects. It is resilient to the high temperatures that are characteristic of physical metallization methods and is readily scalable.

Dipak Maity

Rajesh Kumar Yadav

Adi Levi

Rahul Sharma

Emanuel Ber

Eilam Yalon

Ravi. K. Biroju

Viliam Vretenár

Tharangattu N. Narayanan

Doron Naveh

Interfacial Engineering of Degenerately Doped V0.25Mo0.75S2 for Improved Contacts in MoS2 Field Effect Transistors

界面工程优化重度掺杂V0.25Mo0.75S2以改善MoS2场效应晶体管的接触性能

Abstract As one main form of multimedia data, images play a critical role in various applications. In this paper, a representation‐based architecture is proposed which takes advantage of the outstanding representation and image‐generation abilities of deep learning (DL). This architecture includes two DL models: an autoencoder and a U‐Net network which achieve the representation, construction, and refinement of images from the noisy reads in DNA storage. Simulation experiments demonstrate that it can reconstruct images of moderate quality in scenarios where insertion‐deletion‐substitution (IDS) errors are less than 6%. Combined with the feature quantization, it also offers a flexible way to achieve a balanced trade‐off between compression ratio and image quality by selecting an approximate representation channel number. Additionally, the quality of images can be boosted by using multiple reads which are a common situation in DNA storage. A wet lab practice that successfully reconstructs an image stored in 14 plasmids further proves the feasibility of the proposed architecture. Instead of storing the original image information, the representation‐based architecture provides a competitive solution which achieves robust and efficient DNA storage for large‐scale image applications.

Yanqing Su

Ling Chu

Wanmin Lin

Xiangyu Yao

Peng Xu

Wenbin Liu

A Robust and Efficient Representation‐based DNA Storage Architecture by Deep Learning

基于深度学习的鲁棒高效DNA存储架构

Abstract Electrochemical in situ modification of graphene remains a challenge because of the pretty low concentration of radicals generated during the electroexfoliation process. The spatially confined electrosynthesis of halogen‐poor and carbonyl‐rich graphene (XCG, X═F, Cl, Br) is reported. It is found that the effective radical addition reaction between graphite/graphene and electro‐generated radicals (halogen radical and carboxylic radical) is promoted by using X − and HCOO − as both intercalation ions and co‐reactants, which assists the efficient formation of high crystalline XCG. The assembled XCG membrane exhibited high interception for NaCl, KCl, MgCl 2 , and K 2 SO 4 due to the narrow interlayer space. Theoretical calculations revealed favorable water migration on surface of F atoms, thus grasping the high water permeation. Furthermore, the halogen and carboxyl functional groups afforded XCG highly efficient water splitting. The current work highlights the in situ modification of graphene during the electroexfoliation process and the subsequent applications in membrane science, molecular engineering, and other energy‐related applications.

Xiaotian Liu

Shuting Yang

Mingzheng Huang

Rajkumar Devasenathipathy

Qiulan Huang

Dujuan Huang

Zhongyun Yang

Limin Wang

Du‐Hong Chen

Jian‐Feng Li

Youjun Fan

Wei Chen

Spatially Confined Electrosynthesis of Halogen‐Poor and Carbonyl‐Rich Graphene for Boosting Water Desalination and Water Splitting

空间限域电合成贫卤素富羰基石墨烯用于提升海水淡化和水分解性能

Abstract Camera‐based super‐resolution approaches surpass the diffraction limit of conventional optical microscopy by relying on the stochastic activation and precise localization of fluorescent molecules. However, traditional probes such as organic dyes and quantum dots present challenges such as photobleaching and blinking variability, which limit their application in super‐resolution imaging, particularly in non‐liquid environments. Herein, the study demonstrates the potential of gold nanoparticles as a promising alternative for localization‐based super‐resolution imaging. The study specifically investigates how different surface functionalizations and states (aggregated vs isolated) of gold nanoparticles impact their photoluminescence properties, including fluorescence intensity, lifetime, and blinking behavior. By leveraging the intrinsic photoluminescence of gold nanoparticles, their capability is demonstrated as probes to achieve super‐resolution imaging of nano‐sized structures, at a resolution down to 100 nm, without the need for conventional imaging buffers. These proof‐of‐concept applications, which include imaging of silica nanosized wrinkles and logos, reveal that gold nanoparticles exhibit superior photophysical properties compared to common organic fluorophores, offering a promising alternative for super‐resolution imaging. This work paves the way for the application of super‐resolution fluorescence microscopy in materials science where non‐liquid environments often restrict the use of traditional probes.

Julie Probst

Prerit Mathur

Meiyu Gai

Tieyan Si

Qiang He

Changyong Gao

Hanchao Gao

Andrei V Sapelkin

Michael Kappl

Guangyu Qiu

Jing Wang

Johannes Frueh

Stavros Stavrakis

Photoswitchable Gold Nanoparticles for Super‐Resolution Radial Fluctuation Imaging in Nanostructured Materials

用于纳米结构材料中超分辨率径向涨落成像的光开关金纳米颗粒

短名	Small Method
Journal Impact	10.55
国际分区	NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLOGY(Q1)
期刊索引	SCI Q1中科院 2 区

ISSN	2366-9608
h-index	107
国内分区	材料科学(2区)材料科学物理化学(2区)材料科学材料科学综合(2区)材料科学纳米科技(3区)

涉及主题	化学材料科学物理工程类量子力学有机化学纳米技术生物化学工程计算机科学生物化学物理化学复合材料冶金医学电极光电子学电气工程热力学光学遗传学
出版信息	出版商: John Wiley and Sons Ltd，出版周期: ，期刊类型: journal，开源期刊: 否
基本数据	创刊年份: 2017，原创研究文献占比: 81.45%，自引率:3.70%， Gold OA占比: 16.90%

Small Methods

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2D Layered Bimetallic Phosphorous Trisulfides M^IM^IIIP₂S₆ (M^I = Cu, Ag; M^III = Sc, V, Cr, In) for Electrochemical Energy Conversion

Ligand‐Crosslinking Strategy for Efficient Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes via Thiol‐Ene Click Chemistry

Entropy‐Enhanced Multi‐Doping Strategy to Promote the Electrochemical Performance of Na₄Fe₃(PO₄)₂P₂O₇

Direct Synthesis of Metal‐Doped Phosphorene with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

Stimulus‐Responsive Nano‐Prodrug Strategies for Cancer Therapy: A Focus on Camptothecin Delivery

Fe‐Vacancies Manipulate Kondo Screening States in the d‐Orbital Kondo Lattice of Fe_3‐_xGeTe₂ (x = 0.07–0.54)

Interfacial Engineering of Degenerately Doped V_0.25Mo_0.75S₂ for Improved Contacts in MoS₂ Field Effect Transistors

A Robust and Efficient Representation‐based DNA Storage Architecture by Deep Learning

Spatially Confined Electrosynthesis of Halogen‐Poor and Carbonyl‐Rich Graphene for Boosting Water Desalination and Water Splitting

Photoswitchable Gold Nanoparticles for Super‐Resolution Radial Fluctuation Imaging in Nanostructured Materials