African Vision and Eye Health

Background: Boxing requires athletes to possess specific visual skills to effectively evaluate situations and react in a timely manner. Understanding these skills is crucial for the training and development of athletes.Aim: This review aimed to summarise and analyse the essential visual skills required for boxing, highlighting their importance beyond basic visual acuity.Method: Studies were obtained from various databases, including Science Direct, Google Scholar, CISTI Source, SPORTDiscus and PubMed. A comprehensive keyword search was conducted, searching Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ‘visual skills’, ‘hand-eye coordination’, ‘peripheral vision’, ‘eye movements’, ‘boxing’, ‘boxing rules’, ‘reaction time’, ‘speed of recognition’, ‘accommodation facility’, ‘visual memory’, ‘combat sport’, ‘depth perception’, ‘motor learning’, and ‘cognitive function’.Results: A total of 35 full-text English-language articles were included in the review after the removal of duplicates and the full-text review process. The review found that the essential visual skills required for boxing are depth perception, accommodation facility, saccadic eye movements, hand-eye coordination, peripheral awareness, speed and span of recognition, reaction time, visual memory and anticipation.Conclusion: The findings suggest that training programmes for boxers should incorporate exercises to enhance these visual skills. Further research is needed to develop specific training protocols and evaluate their effectiveness.Contribution: This review provides a comprehensive overview of visual skills in boxing, offering insights into their role in athletic performance. The study contributes to the development of more effective training strategies and highlights the need for further research in sports vision.

S’bongile Mahlangu

Musa L. Mathunjwa

Lourens Millard

Gerrit J. Breukelman

African vision and eye health

Essential visual skills required for boxing: A review

拳击所需的基本视觉技能：综述

Background: Standardised patient (SP) simulation can significantly enrich the learning environment in health professions education. Simulation in optometry has yet to be widely adopted, especially in Africa, prompting this study to investigate whether students perceived the use of SP simulation in optometry education as an effective method for enhancing the development and refinement of core competency skills.Aim: This study aimed to determine optometry students’ perceptions of simulation learning experiences with a SP.Setting: This study was done at the Department of Optometry at the University of the Free State, South AfricaMethods: A qualitative case study was undertaken. All 17 final-year optometry students (n = 17) were invited to participate. Data were collected using an open-ended questionnaire. Content analysis was used to analyse the experiences and perceptions of the participants.Results: The response rate was 100%. The students perceived that the educational objectives of the simulation experiences were successfully achieved. They felt that the simulation helped them develop core competencies like professionalism and communication while boosting their confidence. They attributed this success to the realistic, appropriate and safe learning environment that the simulation provided.Conclusion: The findings suggest that optometry students perceive SP simulations as a valuable tool in preparing them for private practice. This study highlighted the effectiveness of SP-based training in bridging the gap between academic learning and real-world practice.Contribution: This study is the first in South Africa to explore optometry students’ preparation for private practice through SP simulation. The findings offer insights that can guide other optometry programs using SPs to support students’ holistic development, enhancing their professionalism and readiness for practice.

Elzana Kempen

Mathys J. Labuschagne

Mpho P. Jama

Optometry students’ views on preparing for private practice via standardised patient simulation

验光学生对通过标准化病人模拟准备私人执业的看法

Background: There is rarity of normative data on retinal parameters associated with glaucoma in Ghanaians.Aim: This study aimed to provide normative data on retinal parameters associated with glaucoma in an at-risk Ghanaian clinical population.Setting: The study was conducted at the Eye Clinic of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana.Methods: Ophthalmic data were obtained from 338 eyes of 116 males and 222 females (mean age: 61.86 ± 9.54 years, range: 45–89 years). The participants underwent eye examinations including visual acuity measurement using the Snellen chart at 6 m, auto-refraction using the Retinomax K+ Screen Hand-Held Autorefractor Keratometer, Goldmann applanation tonometry, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fundus examination using a 90D Volks lens, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) using the Zeiss Cirrus HD OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, United States). Height and weight of participants were measured using a measuring tape and a weighing scale, respectively.Results: Mean ± standard deviation values for retinal parameters were: global peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (ppRNFL) = 96.11 ± 9.87 µm, global macula ganglion cell complex (mGCC) = 80.91 ± 5.61 µm, optic disc area = 2.05 ± 0.39 mm2, rim area = 1.52 ± 0.27 mm2, cup volume = 0.13 ± 0.12 mm3, average cup to disc ratio (ACDR) = 0.47 ± 0.15 and vertical cup to disc ratio (VCDR) = 0.44 ± 0.14.Conclusion: Thicker ppRNFL and mGCC may delay diagnosis of pre-perimetric glaucoma in Ghanaians, while larger ACDR and VCDR measurements may lead to glaucoma misdiagnosis.Contribution: This study established normative values for retinal parameters associated with glaucoma in Ghanaians.

Doreen Nelson-Ayifah

Khathutshelo P. Mashige

Alvin J. Munsamy

Normative values for retinal parameters in a Ghanaian clinical population at risk for glaucoma

加纳青光眼高危临床人群视网膜参数的规范值

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a significant microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, leading to vision impairment and blindness in working-age adults globally.Aim: To evaluate the knowledge, clinical characteristics and associated factors among diabetic retinopathy patients attending an ophthalmology clinic at a tertiary hospital in Aceh from May 2020 to May 2021.Setting: The study was conducted at Zainoel Abidin General Hospital, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study using consecutive sampling was conducted. Data collection involved patient history, eye examinations, laboratory tests and administering a questionnaire to assess knowledge of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression.Results: Out of 173 participants, 170 were included in the study. A significant proportion had visual acuity less than 6/60 (44.1%) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (52.6%) with macular oedema in 11.8%. Only seven (4.1%) patients had good knowledge of diabetes and 28 (16.5%) had good knowledge of DR. A total of 113 (66.5%) patients were aware that diabetes could affect the eye and positively associated with the sex (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 6.18, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.80–21.21, P = 0.004), educational level (AOR: 4.66, 95% CI: 1.31–16.51, P = 0.017) and type of DM (AOR: 5.30, 95% CI: 1.97–14.26, P = 0.001).Conclusion: The study revealed a high incidence of vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR), including severe non-proliferative, proliferative and significant macular oedema cases. However, patients’ knowledge of their disease was very low.Contribution: This study crucial data to the Department of Health Authority for policy decision-making.

Lia M. Zaini

Arief S. Kartasasmita

Tjahjono D. Gondhowiardjo

Maimun Syukri

Putri N. Mulya

Clinical characteristics and knowledge of diabetic retinopathy patients at a tertiary hospital in Aceh, Indonesia

印度尼西亚亚齐省某三级医院糖尿病视网膜病变患者的临床特征与知识水平

Background: Prolonged digital device use among university students has been linked to computer vision syndrome (CVS) and dry eye disease (DED).Aim: This study aimed to assess adherence to the American Optometric Association (AOA) guidelines and its impact on CVS and DED among male university students.Setting: The study was conducted at Qassim University.Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 290 male students. Data were collected through validated questionnaires assessing symptoms of CVS and DED, along with self-reported adherence to AOA ergonomic guidelines. A statistical analysis was used to correlate ergonomic practices.Results: The study found high frequency of CVS (80.34%) and DED (68.28%) among participants. Eye irritation, headache, burning in the eye and tearing were the common reported symptoms of CVS, with a frequency of 43.35%, 41.20%, 36.10% and 35.62%, respectively. Significant reductions in CVS symptoms were noted among students who maintained at least 50 cm screen distance (P = 0.047) and those taking regular breaks (P = 0.000), highlighting the effectiveness of these ergonomic interventions. However, there was no significant reduction in DED symptoms among students who followed the recommended guidelines.Conclusion: The high frequency of CVS and DED among students underscores the need for increased awareness and implementation of ergonomic practices. Thus, public health initiatives must enhance ergonomic education to improve student ocular health in digital environments.Contribution: The study showed high frequency of CVS and DED among university students. Significant reductions in CVS symptoms were noted among students who maintained at least 50 cm of screen distance and those taking regular breaks.

Saeed Aljohani

Saif H. Alrasheed

Khalid Alrashidi

Abdulrahman Alharbi

Samar Alghamdi

Mohammad Aljhni

Impact of adherence to American Optometric Association guidelines on computer vision syndrome and dry eye

美国验光协会指南依从性对计算机视觉综合征和干眼症的影响

ISSN	2410-1516, 2413-3183
h-index	12

Publication Information	Publisher: AOSIS (Pty) Ltd，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: Yes
Basic data	Year of publication: 2015，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%
Journal Fees	$Details
Average review cycle	30 weeks

African Vision and Eye Health

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Essential visual skills required for boxing: A review

Optometry students’ views on preparing for private practice via standardised patient simulation

Normative values for retinal parameters in a Ghanaian clinical population at risk for glaucoma

Clinical characteristics and knowledge of diabetic retinopathy patients at a tertiary hospital in Aceh, Indonesia

Impact of adherence to American Optometric Association guidelines on computer vision syndrome and dry eye

Essential visual skills required for boxing: A review

Optometry students’ views on preparing for private practice via standardised patient simulation

Clinical characteristics and knowledge of diabetic retinopathy patients at a tertiary hospital in Aceh, Indonesia

Normative values for retinal parameters in a Ghanaian clinical population at risk for glaucoma

Impact of adherence to American Optometric Association guidelines on computer vision syndrome and dry eye