The study classifies proper names of housing estates (HE) in Lviv according to certain phenomena, images, symbols. The iconic, indexical, conventional relations of the architecture of HE are revealed as a sign-vehicle to its referent which is declared in its own name through the pyramidal structure of the semiotic triangle. The problem of conditionality and immanence of one's proper name concerning the architectural image of the HE is highlighted.

Kramarchuk Kh.

Architectural studies

STUDY OF CONDITIONALITY AND IMMANENCE OF PROPER NAMES OF NEWLY BUILT HOUSING ESTATES IN THE LVIV URBAN ENVIRONMENT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY (based on the semiotic triangle method)

21世纪初利沃夫城市环境中新建住宅区专有名称的条件性与内在性研究（基于符号三角方法）

The article considers the historical monks' cemeteries of the Holy Dormition Univ Lavra. The analysis of the preserved tombstones of cemeteries is carried out, their typology and character of plasticity are described. Particular attention is paid to under the slab burials as the most archaic of the preserved tombstones. The damage and loss of the ensemble of the cemetery as a whole and individual monuments are described, the state of preservation of the physical substance of the tombstones is studied. Tasks and challenges related to the restoration of the cemetery as a whole and individual monuments are analyzed.

Stasyuk O

MONKS' CEMETERIES OF THE HOLY DORMITION UNIV LAVRA. THEIR CURRENT CONDITION AND RESTORATION ISSUES

圣达尔马提亚修道院修士墓地：现状与修复问题

The paper focuses on the author's method of assessing pedestrian and transport mobility of residents of modern multi-storey buildings and complexes. The study of transport routes in cities is the subject matter of entire scientific and design institutes, therefore, the method has been designed to make architects, researchers, developers and urban planners aware of a housing unit in terms of its accessibility, as well as to assess its impact on the city.

Shtendera A

METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE TRANSPORT AND PEDESTRIAN ACCESSIBILITY OF MULTI-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND COMPLEXES, AS WELL AS THEIR IMPACT ON THE CITY INFRASTRUCTURE

评估多层住宅建筑及综合体交通和行人可达性的方法及其对城市基础设施影响的研究

The article analyzes the landscape and urban planning location of monasteries of Bernardins based on desk and field studies. Previously unknown facts about the existence and functioning of individual monastic fortification elements were revealed, and the features of the order's defensive structures were determined.

Khokhon M

FEATURES OF THE BERNARDINES DEFENSIVE MONASTERIES OF WESTERN UKRAINE IN THE XVII-XVIII CENTURIES

十七至十八世纪西乌克兰本笃会防御修道院的特点

The relevance of the subject is dictated by the growing need to satisfy the physical and mental demands of city residents and create locations with high aesthetic and functional qualities. The purpose of the study is to examine the main modern trends in the design of urban landscape objects, formed since the 1990s in terms of their compliance with modern concepts of sustainable development, landscape urbanism, and urban ecology. The study analyses a number of experimental, explorative, and implemented projects of landscape objects, created to determine, emphasise, or create a new identity of local places in the historically formed structure of cities (on the example of the cities of Lviv, Lutsk, Kamianets-Podilskyi). The monographic and analytical methods were used in the study. A graphic method was used to determine the attractiveness of objects. The study establishes the following characteristic feature of historical cities: in old parts of cities, the effective concepts of landscape proposals are based on the expression of local identity. For example, it was found that the square near St. Andrew's Church in Lviv features garden and park art of the Baroque epoch, the public space project at the intersection of St. Prince Roman and I. Franka streets in Lviv conveys a compilation of historical features of different epochs. The second characteristic feature established in this study: in the degraded environment of peripheral neighbourhoods (investigated examples in Lviv and Lutsk), the proposed modern forms and geoplastics work well. It was also confirmed in various examples, such as the reconstruction of Mytna Square in Lviv, and the volunteer movement in Kamianets-Podilskyi, that successful intervention in the transformation of urban public spaces contributes to the growth of the quality of these spaces and the improvement of the city's image. The design concepts of the urban environment with a multi-layered complex structure of both natural and cultural elements are valuable and recommended for implementation. The history of city development during the Soviet period eliminated their specific features. Today, the restoration and creation of landscape objects allows for preserving and emphasising the uniqueness of cities

HALYNA PETRYSHYN

OLHA KRYVORYCHKO

HALYNA LUKASHCHUK

NATALIIA DANYLKO

OKSANA KLISHCH

Changing the Qualities of Urban Space by Means of Landscape Architecture

通过景观建筑改变城市空间品质

The design of the main entrances in cathedrals and churches has always been one of the main tasks of artists. Realising the importance of the entrance to the Temple of God, the sculptors tried to design it in the form of a portal and give it prominence with an original sculpturesque design. This study covers the features of the architectural and artistic structure of the main portal of the Church of the Mother of God in Velykyi Khodachkiv, justifies its artistic value, examines the technical condition of the newly discovered monument, and identifies aspects of the restoration of the portal. Based on the general scientific and special restoration research methods used, the paper investigated the style characteristics of the portal, identified the main reasons for the degradation of the monument, and developed a set of restoration measures. In the study, based on literary sources and field surveys, an attempt to investigate the influence of one of the main architectural elements of the temple decoration – the portal, on the architectonics of the main facade of the shrine was made. Special attention was drawn to the unexplored Velykyi Khodachkiv Church in the Ternopil region, which is in a dilapidated state with an interesting architectural design of the main entrance. The architectural, artistic, and compositional design of the entrance portal of the Church of the Mother of God the Comforter and St. Joseph in Velykyi Khodachkiv was analysed in detail. Its stylistic and proportional solutions were examined. The portal is characterised by the expressiveness of architectural details, the integrity and aesthetics of this work of art were created according to the laws of beauty. Based on a thorough study of the features inherent in the portal, its architectural and artistic value was determined, and its technical condition was investigated. The Church of the Mother of God the Comforter in the former town of Velykyi Khodachkiv, Ternopil region, is not included in the Register of architectural monuments of Ukraine, so there is little information about the monument under study. Overlooked by researchers and art historians, the church has been in ruins for centuries and continues to collapse. The results of the study can be used in the system of historical and architectural education and practical restoration activities

LESYA CHEN

NATALIA YAVNA

Architectural and artistic features of the entrance portal of the church in Velykyi Khodachkiv of Ternopil region

捷尔诺波尔地区大霍达奇基夫教堂入口门户的建筑与艺术特色

The subject of this study is the signs of integrated development and the reasons for the intermittent success of the historical cities of Ukraine. City centres from settlements different in size and function were included in this study: Chernihiv, Lyubech, Baturyn, Romny, Chyhyryn, Motovylivka, Nizhyn, which testify that the tradition of integral development of the centres of historical cities of Ukraine is ancient. City governments and magnates in different ways supervised safety, production, and trade infrastructure, and improved the public space of market squares. The inner parts of the historical cities of Ukraine developed individually, had different goals and opportunities, used separate resources, and tried to achieve similar results - a harmonious socio-economic environment. Unfortunately, a thorough destruction of the historical cities of Ukraine as a result of the aggression of Moscow-Russian troops occurred during the 17th and early 21st centuries. In conclusion, it was noted that the logical area of long-term development of Ukrainian historical cities is the analysis and reproduction of historical and urban traditions, active implementation of revitalisation projects, and restoration of tangible cultural legacy. The study uses methods of structural analysis of spatial characteristics of planning and functional-territorial features of the city centres, processing and sampling the information in literary and archival sources. The purpose of the study is to determine the signs of integrated development of the centres of historical cities of Ukraine. The results of the study can be used in monument protection activities and practical work on the regeneration of the central part of the historical cities of Ukraine

OLEG RYBCHYNSKYI

Integral Development of the Historical City Centres of Ukraine

乌克兰历史城市中心的综合发展

The replication of architectural and spatial design of the Order of Saint Basil the Great monasteries in Western Ukraine cannot be addressed within a single scientific hypothesis focused on the unity of imagery, planning, and function. The architectural and spatial arrangement of the Basilian monasteries in Western Ukraine emerges as a non-homogenous fragmented phenomenon, which should be investigated with regard to chronological distinctions. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for the examination of the OSBM monastic complexes considering a variety of factors that have influenced the appearance, dissemination, growth, and disappearance of the Basilian centres. The general methodological approaches of the study are historical, morphological, culturological, and systemic. In addition, the following general scientific methods of inquiry were used: an examination of literature and documents, corpus, description, statistical method, analysis and synthesis, comparison, abstractisation, concretization, generalisation, and systematisation (classification and typology). Thus, five territorial and chronological scenarios have been highlighted within the Basilian architectural legacy in Western Ukraine. A relatively small number of papers dedicated to the design and planning aspects of the development of the Order of Saint Basil the Great monasteries are retroactive. Upon analysing the Basilian legacy in Western Ukraine, the material has been divided into three historical waves related to the development of monastic complexes. The authors of the paper have outlined the commonality of morphological features, dominant stylistics, and layout plans to examine the Order of Saint Basil the Great monasteries as an architectural and historical phenomenon. One important aspect of the subject is an interpretation of monastic complexes that factors modern conditions like the comfort of living, economic activities, organisation of mass prayers, the development of tourist infrastructure, etc. Therefore, a study of similar theoretical approaches to the functioning and interpretation of monastic complexes helped to outline three types of their interpretation in the modern context

IVAN ZNAK

ANNA ZNAK

YAROSLAV RAKOCHYI

The Specifics of Examination of Basilian Monastic Complexes as an Architectural and Spatial Phenomenon

巴斯利安修道院综合体作为建筑与空间现象的考察细节

The practice of borrowing and mixing architectural forms and meanings from different cultural environments dates back to the architecture of the ancient world and is still relevant today. Therefore, discovering its origins, mechanisms and causes of development is an important subject in the theory and history of architecture. The purpose of the study is to introduce the concept of cultural diffusion, as a methodological technique for mixing architectural forms from different artistic environments, which contributes to the development of qualitatively new solutions that form new architectural styles and synthesise new meanings. It is also vital to substantiate the phenomena of cultural diffusion as the first and necessary stage of subsequent processes of development of architectural meaning and shape – the stage of conscious and reasonable choice of an architectural prototype for a new design. The main material for the study is objects related to the cult of Isis – one of the most common religious cults in the architecture of the ancient world, which belonged to the Greco-Roman civilisation. In terms of methodology, the study is based on the analysis and systematisation of papers on architectural objects associated with the cult of Isis, and the results of visual observations (description and comparative analysis). Using the example of architectural objects associated with the cult of Isis, the study demonstrates that in the architecture of the ancient world, various methodological approaches were developed in architectural form-making: both autonomous processes in different cultures and mixed, which involved the capabilities and means of various cultural environments, opening unlimited prospects for the development of architectural form and meaning. Scientific originality is the interpretation of the process of cultural diffusion as an important methodological prerequisite for a new architectural form and meaning development. This determines the practical importance of the study, since the phenomenon of cultural diffusion, as a methodological technique for the architect's work, is still relevant today

SVITLANA LINDA

Cultural Diffusion in the Architecture of the Ancient World (on the Example of the Cult of Isis in the 3rd Century BC – 2nd Century AD)

古代世界建筑中的文化传播（以公元前3世纪至公元2世纪伊西斯崇拜为例）

The Russian-Ukrainian war, which took on a full-scale form in February 2022, became a tragedy and set the question of restoring lost monuments with new vigour. Therefore, the publication which aims to identify the specific features of symbolic reconstructions’ use for the representation of lost architectural monuments becomes especially relevant. Based on a comprehensive architectural-typological and comparative analysis of the renovation of architectural structures and non-existent objects, open-air exhibiting methods in Ukraine and the world (fixation, interpretation, revitalisation, reconstruction, and modelling), the study reflects on the possibilities to preserve the history of destroyed monuments. Open-air museums offer a wide range of activities allowing to include monuments that are not subject to further functional adaptation into the expositions. The study proposes to use symbolic reconstructions to reproduce and exhibit lost monuments. Graphic (the simplest and most universal, consist of the two-dimensional image demonstration), physical (larger-scale, permanent, three-dimensional stylised installations that carry information about the lost monument’s nature), virtual (the most flexible and the most promising, do not require the direct impact on the exhibit, include the use of augmented reality technologies), and performative (one-time or temporary activities, most often are used in the associative landscapes’ territories) symbolic reconstructions on the example of their use in museums and open-air exhibitions were examined in detail. The effectiveness of these measures in open-air museums was considered and recommendations for their use, which can become the basis for further implementation in practice in Ukrainian exhibition institutions, were formulated

期刊	Architectural Studies
ISSN	2411-801X, 2786-7374

Architectural Studies