AIMS Microbiology

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the best studied eukaryote and a valuable tool for most aspects of basic research on eukaryotic organisms. This is due to its unicellular nature, which often simplifies matters, offering the combination of the facts that nearly all biological functions found in eukaryotes are also present and well conserved in S. cerevisiae. In addition, it is also easily amenable to genetic manipulation. Moreover, unlike other model organisms, S. cerevisiae is concomitantly of great importance for various biotechnological applications, some of which date back to several thousands of years. S. cerevisiae's biotechnological usefulness resides in its unique biological characteristics, i.e., its fermentation capacity, accompanied by the production of alcohol and CO2 and its resilience to adverse conditions of osmolarity and low pH. Among the most prominent applications involving the use of S. cerevisiae are the ones in food, beverage -especially wine- and biofuel production industries. This review focuses exactly on the function of S. cerevisiae in these applications, alone or in conjunction with other useful microorganisms involved in these processes. Furthermore, various aspects of the potential of the reservoir of wild, environmental, S. cerevisiae isolates are examined under the perspective of their use for such applications.

Maria Parapouli

1 Molecular Biology laboratory Department of Biological applications and Technology University of Ioannina Ioannina Greece

Anastasios Vasileiadi

Amalia-Sofia Afendra

Efstathios Hatziloukas

2 Genetics laboratory Department of Biological applications and Technology University of Ioannina Ioannina Greece

# These two authors contributed equally

&lt;em&gt;Saccharomyces cerevisiae&lt;/em&gt; and its industrial applications

Vitamin C stands as an essential water-soluble vitamin, antioxidant and has been shown to enhance immunity. SARS-CoV-2 has been spreading rapidly across the worldwide, several cellular processes of innate and adaptive immunity are aided by vitamin C, which strengthens the immune system overall. Multiple lines of evidence in the literature associate vitamin C with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and immunomodulatory actions. Pneumonia and sepsis patients had poor ascorbic acid status and high oxidative stress, according to many studies. Pneumonia patients who get vitamin C may have less severe symptoms and a longer course of the illness if they do. To standardize plasma levels in sepsis patients, gram measurements of the vitamin must be administered intravenously (IV). This intervention has been shown in a few trials to reduce mortality. COVID-19 management in China and the United States has exhibited remarkable results when using a high percentage of intravenous vitamins C. It's acceptable to include vitamin C in the COVID-19 treatment protocol as a secondary measure based on the current active clinical studies looking at the impact of vitamin C on the management of COVID-19. Patients with hypovitaminosis C or severe respiratory illnesses, such as COVID-19, may benefit from taking vitamin C, due to its good safety profile, simplicity of use, and potential for rapid production scaling. The study's goal was to see whether high dosage intravenous vitamin C had any impact on individuals with severe COVID-19 (HDIVC). Finally we discuss recent research that has been published on the efficacy of vitamin C administration in the treatment of viral infection and life-threatening conditions. The purpose of this manuscript is to summarise existing research on the efficacy of vitamin C as a treatment for COVID-19 and to discuss possible explanations for why it may work in some individuals but not in others.

Umar Shahbaz

Nazira Fatima

Samra Basharat

Asma Bibi

Xiaobin Yu

Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain

Maryam Nasrullah

Role of vitamin C in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity

维生素C在预防COVID-19感染、进展和严重程度中的作用

&lt;p&gt;The present study evaluated varying inclusion levels (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) derived from &lt;italic&gt;Pleurotus ostreatus&lt;/italic&gt;, ensiled for 0, 21, 42, and 64 d, using an &lt;italic&gt;in vitro&lt;/italic&gt; batch culture technique. The study employed a 6 × 4 factorial design with six inclusion levels and four ensiling durations. The batch culture was conducted over 24 h across two runs. Gas production (GP), greenhouse gases (GHG) production, nutrient degradability, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were measured. Significant interactions (P &amp;lt; 0.01) between ensiling duration and diet were observed for the concentrations of different nutrients and GHG production. SMS levels in diets increased (P &amp;lt; 0.001) dry matter (DM), neutral (NDF), and acid (ADF) detergent fiber concentrations but decreased crude protein (CP) and cellulose levels. Ensiling period decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.001) DM, NDF, acid-detergent lignin (ADL), and hemicellulose concentrations but increased non-structural carbohydrates (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Diets with higher SMS levels had lower (P &amp;lt; 0.001) GP, methane (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;), and carbon dioxide (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) production, together with increased degradability of DM, NDF, ADF, and ADL. Conversely, extending ensiling increased CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; production, degradability of DM, and proportions of acetate and propionate but decreased NDF and ADF degradability. Total VFA and butyrate were highest (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in the diet with 50% SMS inclusion. In conclusion, SMS can replace up to 50% of corn silage in the diets of beef and non-lactating dairy cows; however, extending the ensiling duration is not recommended.&lt;/p&gt;

Chika C. Anotaenwere

Omoanghe S. Isikhuemhen

Peter A. Dele

Michael Wuaku

Joel O. Alabi

Oludotun O. Adelusi

Deborah O. Okedoyin

Kelechi A. Ike

DeAndrea Gray

Ahmed E. Kholif

Uchenna Y. Anele

Ensiled &lt;i&gt;Pleurotus ostreatus&lt;/i&gt; based spent mushroom substrate from corn: &lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; gas production, greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient degradation, and ruminal fermentation characteristics

基于玉米的厌氧发酵Pleurotus ostreatus菌糠：体外产气量、温室气体排放、养分降解及瘤胃发酵特性

&lt;p&gt;The extremophile microorganism &lt;italic&gt;Thermus scotoductus&lt;/italic&gt; primarily exhibits aerobic metabolism, though some strains are capable of anaerobic growth, utilizing diverse electron acceptors. We focused on the &lt;italic&gt;T. scotoductus&lt;/italic&gt; K1 strain, exploring its aerobic growth and metabolism, responses to various carbon sources, and characterization of its bioenergetic and physiological properties. The strain grew on different carbon sources, depending on their concentration and the medium's pH, demonstrating adaptability to acidic environments (pH 6.0). It was shown that 4 g L&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; glucose inhibited the specific growth rate by approximately 4.8-fold and 5.6-fold compared to 1 g L&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; glucose at pH 8.5 and pH 6.0, respectively. However, this inhibition was not observed in the presence of fructose, galactose, lactose, and starch. Extracellular and intracellular pH variations were mainly alkalifying during growth. At pH 6.0, the membrane potential (ΔΨ) was lower for all carbon sources compared to pH 8.5. The proton motive force (Δp) was lower only during growth on lactose due to the difference in the transmembrane proton gradient (ΔpH). Moreover, at pH 6.0 during growth on lactose, a positive Δp was detected, indicating the cells' ability to employ a unique energy-conserving strategy. Taken together, these findings concluded that &lt;italic&gt;Thermus scotoductus&lt;/italic&gt; K1 exhibits different growth and bioenergetic properties depending on the carbon source, which can be useful for biotechnological applications. These findings offer valuable insights into how bacterial cells function under high-temperature conditions, which is essential for applying bioenergetics knowledge in future biotechnological advancements.&lt;/p&gt;

Hripsime Petrosyan

Karen Trchounian

Growth characteristics, redox potential changes and proton motive force generation in &lt;i&gt;Thermus scotoductus&lt;/i&gt; K1 during growth on various carbon sources

不同碳源下Thermus scotoductus K1的生长特性、氧化还原电位变化及质子驱动力生成

&lt;p&gt;&lt;italic&gt;Phanerochaete chrysosporium&lt;/italic&gt; is considered the model fungus for white rot fungi. It is the first basidiomycete whose genome has been completely sequenced. Its importance lies in the fact that its enzymatic system comprises the major enzymes involved in lignin degradation. Lignin is a complex and highly recalcitrant compound that very few living organisms are capable of degrading naturally. On the other hand, the enzymes produced by &lt;italic&gt;P. chrysosporium&lt;/italic&gt; are also powerful agents for the mineralization into CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O of a wide range of aromatic compounds. However, these aromatic compounds are largely xenobiotic compounds with documented toxic effects on the environment and health. While the economic and environmental benefits of biodegradation with &lt;italic&gt;P. chrysosporium&lt;/italic&gt; are well established, a thorough understanding of &lt;italic&gt;P. chrysosporium&lt;/italic&gt; and its biodegradation processes is essential for successful biodegradation. Our aim of this critical literature review is to provide a concise and comprehensive insight of biodecomposition of organic substrate by &lt;italic&gt;P. chrysosporium&lt;/italic&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

Delon Konan

Adama Ndao

Ekoun Koffi

Saïd Elkoun

Mathieu Robert

Denis Rodrigue

Kokou Adjallé

Biodecomposition with &lt;i&gt;Phanerochaete chrysosporium&lt;/i&gt;: A review

Phanerochaete chrysosporium 生物降解：综述

&lt;p&gt;Fungal co-culture is a method that allows the detection of interactions between fungi, enabling the examination of bioactive novel metabolites induction that may not be produced in monocultures. Worldwide, &lt;italic&gt;Fusarium&lt;/italic&gt; basal rot is a primary limitation to onion yield, being caused by different &lt;italic&gt;Fusarium&lt;/italic&gt; species. Current research directions encourage biological control of plant diseases as a replacement for routine chemical treatments. The current study aimed to investigate the co-culturing technique for mining new sources of bioagents that could be used as fungicides. &lt;italic&gt;Aspergillus ochraceus&lt;/italic&gt; AUMC15539 was co-cultured with &lt;italic&gt;Penicillium chrysogenum&lt;/italic&gt; AUMC15504, and their ethyl acetate extract was tested in vitro and in a greenhouse against &lt;italic&gt;Fusarium proliferatum&lt;/italic&gt; AUMC15541. The results showed that &lt;italic&gt;Aspergillus&lt;/italic&gt;-&lt;italic&gt;Penicillium&lt;/italic&gt; (AP) co-culture extract significantly inhibited the growth of &lt;italic&gt;F. proliferatum&lt;/italic&gt; with an MIC value of 0.78 mg/mL and showed antioxidant efficiency with an IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; value of 1.31 mg/mL. The brine shrimp toxicity testing showed a LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; value of 2.77 mg/mL. In addition, the co-culture extract showed the highest phenolic content at 114.71 GAE mg/g, with a 27.82 QE mg/g flavonoid content. Profiling of AP co-culture and its monoculture extracts by HPLC revealed a change in the metabolites profile in AP co-culture. Principal component analysis verified a positive correlation between the obtained HPLC data of &lt;italic&gt;A. ochraceus&lt;/italic&gt; (A), &lt;italic&gt;P. chrysogenum&lt;/italic&gt; (P), and AP extracts. Greenhouse experiments demonstrated that treating infected onion plants with the AP co-culture extract significantly enhanced all growth parameters. Additionally, the co-culture extract treatment resulted in the highest levels of total pigments (3.46 mg/g), carbohydrates (52.10 mg/g dry weight), proteins (131.44 mg/g), phenolics (41.66 GAE mg/g), and flavonoids (9.43 QE mg/g) compared with other treatments. This indicates a promising potential for fungal co-cultures in discovering new bioagents with antifungal properties and growth-promoting capabilities.&lt;/p&gt;

Mohammed M. M. Abdelrahem

Mohamed E. Abouelela

Nageh F. Abo-Dahab

Abdallah M. A. Hassane

&lt;i&gt;Aspergillus&lt;/i&gt;-&lt;i&gt;Penicillium&lt;/i&gt; co-culture: An investigation of bioagents for controlling &lt;i&gt;Fusarium proliferatum&lt;/i&gt;-induced basal rot in onion

曲霉-青霉共培养：一种控制镰刀菌增生菌引起的洋葱基腐病的生物制剂研究

&lt;p&gt;Probiotics, known for their health benefits as living microorganisms, hold significant importance across various fields, including agriculture, aquaculture, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. Optimal delivery and storage of probiotic cells are essential to maximize their effectiveness. Biopolymers, derived from living sources, plants, animals, and microbes, offer a natural solution to enhance probiotic capabilities and they possess distinctive qualities such as stability, flexibility, biocompatibility, sustainability, biodegradability, and antibacterial properties, making them ideal for probiotic applications. These characteristics create optimal environments for the swift and precisely targeted delivery of probiotic cells that surpass the effectiveness of unencapsulated probiotic cells. Various encapsulation techniques using diverse biopolymers are employed for this purpose. These techniques are not limited to spray drying, emulsion, extrusion, spray freeze drying, layer by layer, ionic gelation, complex coacervation, vibration technology, electrospinning, phase separation, sol-gel encapsulation, spray cooling, fluidized, air suspension coating, compression coating, co-crystallization coating, cyclodextrin inclusion, rotating disk, and solvent evaporation methods. This review addresses the latest advancements in probiotic encapsulation materials and techniques, bridging gaps in our understanding of biopolymer-based encapsulation systems. Specifically, we address the limitations of current encapsulation methods in maintaining probiotic viability under extreme environmental conditions and the need for more targeted and efficient delivery mechanisms. Focusing on the interactions between biopolymers and probiotics reveals how customized encapsulation approaches can enhance probiotic stability, survival, and functionality. Through detailed comparative analysis of the effectiveness of various encapsulation methods, we identify key strategies for optimizing probiotic deployment in challenging conditions such as high-temperature processing, acidic environments, and gastrointestinal transit. The findings presented in this review highlight the superior performance of novel encapsulation methods using biopolymer blends and advanced technologies like electrospinning and layer-by-layer assembly, which provide enhanced protection and controlled release of probiotics by offering insights into the development of more robust encapsulation systems that ensure the sustained viability and bioavailability of probiotics, thus advancing their application across multiple industries. In conclusion, this paper provides the foundation for future research to refine encapsulation techniques to overcome the challenges of probiotic delivery in clinical and commercial settings.&lt;/p&gt;

Srirengaraj Vijayaram

Reshma Sinha

Caterina Faggio

Einar Ringø

Chi-Chung Chou

Biopolymer encapsulation for improved probiotic delivery: Advancements and challenges

生物聚合物包封以提高益生菌递送：进展与挑战

Abbreviation	AIMSMICRO
Journal Impact	2.56
Quartiles(Global)	MICROBIOLOGY(Q3)

ISSN	2471-1888
h-index	24

Publication Information	Publisher: AIMS Press，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: Yes
Basic data	Year of publication: 2015，Proportion of original research papers: 78.95%，Self Citation Rate:0.00%， Gold OA Rate: 96.30%
Journal Fees	$500Details
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：8 Weeks

AIMS Microbiology

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<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> and its industrial applications

Role of vitamin C in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity

Ensiled <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i> based spent mushroom substrate from corn: <i>In vitro</i> gas production, greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient degradation, and ruminal fermentation characteristics

Growth characteristics, redox potential changes and proton motive force generation in <i>Thermus scotoductus</i> K1 during growth on various carbon sources

Biodecomposition with <i>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</i>: A review

Ensiled <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i> based spent mushroom substrate from corn: <i>In vitro</i> gas production, greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient degradation, and ruminal fermentation characteristics

Growth characteristics, redox potential changes and proton motive force generation in <i>Thermus scotoductus</i> K1 during growth on various carbon sources

Biodecomposition with <i>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</i>: A review

<i>Aspergillus</i>-<i>Penicillium</i> co-culture: An investigation of bioagents for controlling <i>Fusarium proliferatum</i>-induced basal rot in onion

Biopolymer encapsulation for improved probiotic delivery: Advancements and challenges