Clean Energy

Abstract As the basis for the study, this manuscript was written at a time when the energy crisis is affecting most parts of the world and most especially the prevailing and rampant electricity crisis in most developing countries. As a result, 50 combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) systems studies were reviewed, which included the internal combustion engine (ICE), Stirling engine, biomass, micro turbine, solar and biogas, photovoltaic (PV) and gas turbine, wind turbine, PV and micro-turbine, solid-oxide and phosphoric-acid fuel cells (FCs), ICE and thermoelectric generator, low-temperature (LT) polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), inlet air throttling gas turbine, ground source heat pump (GSHP) micro gas turbine and PV, ICE and GSHP, ICE with dehumidification and refrigeration, 5-kW PEM FC, thermoelectric cooler and LT-PEM FC, Stirling engine and molten carbonate FC, thermo-acoustic organic Rankine cycle, solar-thermal, geothermal, integrated energy systems, power- and heat-storage systems, energy-conversion systems, thermodynamic and thermo-economic optimization strategies, working fluids based on hydrogen, helium as well as ammonia, H2O, CO2 etc. Of these reviewed CCHP systems, FC-based CCHP systems were of the greatest interest, particularly the PEM FC. Consequently, FCs were further investigated, whereby the seven popular types of FCs identified and classified were summarily compared with each other, from which the PEM FC was preferred due to its practical popularity. However, PEM FCs, like all FCs, are susceptible to the fuel-starvation phenomenon; therefore, six FC-assisted schemes were examined, from which the FC assisted with the supercapacitor and battery technique was the most widely applied. In sum, the significance of the study entails assorted CCHP systems, FCs, their highlights, their applications and their pros and cons in a single reference document that anyone can easily use to holistically understand the characteristics of the CCHP systems. The study concludes with our perspective, by which we formulate and propose an alternative innovative unique CCHP system model under research, which is based exclusively on green technologies: FCs, lithium-ion battery, ultracapacitor, thermoelectricity and an energy-management system using MATLAB®.

Nganyang Paul Bayendang

Mohamed Tariq Kahn

Vipin Balyan

Combined cold, heat and power (CCHP) systems and fuel cells for CCHP applications: a topological review

Abstract India’s coal supplies are becoming low, hence a switch to renewable energy is required. Strategic planning and investment in renewable energy are urgently needed to ensure energy security and reduce environmental effect, given the growing demand and environmental concerns. In India, one of the biggest users of coal is the steel industry. Even with the country’s increased attention to renewable energy, there is still a gap between the state of renewable energy sources now and what the coal-intensive steel industries anticipate for them in the future. Therefore, in order for the industry to overcome these obstacles, impediments to adopting solar energy as a green source must be investigated. The purpose of this article is to model the obstacles that prevent solar energy from being used in India’s coal-intensive steel industries. The interpretive structural modelling method is used to establish interrelationships within the barriers. The findings of this study indicate that the Indian solar energy model is indicative of a complex transition towards solar energy, which would necessitate an integrative approach, including government support, financial assistance, and infrastructural development.

Pallawi Baldeo Sangode

Systematic modelling of barriers to solar energy integration in coal-intensive steel manufacturing settings: a case study in India

煤炭密集型钢铁制造环境下太阳能整合障碍的系统建模：印度案例研究

Abstract To expedite China’s pursuit of the “dual-carbon” goal, a gradual transition from traditional fossil energy to renewable energy sources is imperative for the nation’s energy mix. Hydrogen energy, poised to become a pivotal component of the future energy industry, offers myriad advantages, including diverse sources, high efficiency, cleanliness, and high energy density. Salt caverns present distinct benefits for underground storage. This research synthesizes the current development trajectories of renewable energy and hydrogen energy in China, summarizing the advantages, disadvantages, and economic comparisons of various underground hydrogen storage methods, with a particular emphasis on the merits of salt cavern hydrogen storage. Furthermore, it reviews the current state and opportunities for salt cavern hydrogen storage both domestically and internationally, underscoring its substantial potential within China. Ultimately, the research identifies three major scientific and technological challenges associated with hydrogen storage in salt caverns in China and envisions future directions for this technology. The findings of this research are anticipated to contribute to the development of a hydrogen storage strategy in salt caverns that aligns with China’s national conditions.

Weizheng Bai

Xilin Shi

Shijie Zhu

Xinxing Wei

Yashuai Huang

Opportunities and challenges of large-scale salt cavern hydrogen storage in China coupled with renewable energy sources

中国大规模盐穴氢储能与可再生能源耦合的机遇与挑战

Abstract This first quarter of the 21st century is increasingly marked by population growth, digital and industrial de- velopments, growing need for electricity supply, and climate change. All this, to name just a few, have made the establishment of a stable, flexible, controlled, well-designed, extensive and clean power system a necessity. Conse- quently, distributed microgrid generation based on alternative/renewable energies and/or low-carbon technologies has emerged. In this paper, we study the modeling, the control, and the power management strategy of a grid-connected hybrid Alternating/Direct Current (AC/DC) microgrid based on a wind turbine generation system using doubly fed induction generator, a photovoltaic generation system, and storage elements including hydrogen storage system and batteries. Adequate modeling is described, and the overall system monitoring is presented and applied to manage appropriate power sharing and to control active and reactive powers, in order to match load and weather fluctuation behaviour. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink simulation tool. Simulations reveal convenient re- sults in terms of the bidirectional interlinking converter capabilities regarding power balance establishment between the two subgrids, reactive power compensation to ensure a unity power factor, and DC-bus voltage regulation at 1200 V. In addition, the primary and secondary controls are approved for each distributed generation of the studied system to attain the assigned power references, regardless of whether the subgrid is heavily or lightly loaded throughout the four considered case studies, showing satisfactory tracking and interacting performances, and thus stimulating a stable system implementation.

Ouassima EL Qouarti

Tamou Nasser

Ahmed Essadki

Imad Aboudrar

Mohamed Nadour

Modeling, Control Study, and Power Management Strategy of a Hybrid Grid-Connected AC/DC Microgrid with High Integration of Renewable Energies and Green Hydrogen Sources

混合并网交直流微电网高比例可再生能源与绿色氢源的建模、控制研究及能量管理策略

Abstract Calcium looping is a promising CO2 capture technology due to reduced energy and economic penalties compared to mature solvent scrubbing technologies. It also can enable negative CO2 emissions when biomass is used to drive the sorbent regeneration process in the calciner. However, the trade-off between the energy, economic and environmental performance under different biomass co-firing fractions in the calciner and process operating scenarios has not yet been well understood. This study examined the potential for transforming a 580 MWel coal-fired power plant into a negative CO2 emitter via retrofit of calcium looping with biomass co-firing in the calciner. High-fidelity process models were developed in Aspen Plus and used to analyse the effect of biomass co-firing fraction, CO2 capture rate in the carbonator, and the fraction of flue gas fed to the carbonator on the techno-economic performance indicators. The results revealed that co-firing 30% biomass with coal in the calciner was sufficient for the retrofitted process to achieve negative CO2 emissions (−3.9 gCO2/kWelh). In this scenario, the levelized cost of electricity was 5% lower (81.1 €/MWelh) than that in the reference retrofit scenario without biomass co-firing (85.4 €/MWelh) at a carbon tax of 100 €/tCO2. Further improvement to the techno-economic performance was achieved by reducing the amount of CO2 captured in the carbonator by reducing either the CO2 capture rate (81.1 €/tCO2) or the amount of flue gas processed (80.4 €/tCO2). Although this was achieved at the expense of the increased specific CO2 emissions to 65.2 gCO2/kWelh and 109.0 gCO2/kWelh, respectively, the net specific emissions were still about 90% lower than those of the unabated host plant (792.3 gCO2/kWelh). This study demonstrated that depending on design priorities, biomass co-firing in the calciner can transform the existing coal-fired power plants into negative CO2 emission technologies or improve the process techno-economic viability.

Dawid P Hanak

Transforming carbon-intensive coal-fired power plants into negative emission technologies via biomass-fired calcium looping retrofit

通过生物质钙循环改造将高碳排放燃煤电厂转变为负排放技术

Abstract An automatic solar tracking system is an approach for optimizing the generation of solar power and modifying the angles and direction of a solar panel by considering changes in the position and path of the sun. The performance status of an automatic solar tracking system depends on various factors, including its design, location, and maintenance or repairs. The solar energy from the sun that the Earth intercepts is approximately 1.8 × 1011 MW, which is thousands of times greater than the intensity at which the Earth now uses all other commercially available energy sources combined. Currently, research into automatic solar trackers is on the rise, as solar energy is abundant in nature, but its use in a highly efficient way is still lacking. This paper provides a detailed literature review and highlights some key advancements and challenges associated with state-of-the-art automatic solar tracking systems. The performance of the dual-axis photovoltaic-tracking system outperforms that of the stationary systems by more than 27% based on the overall system efficiency. Under diverse weather conditions, the efficiency of the scheduled-based solar tracking systems was enhanced by 4.2% compared with that of the light dependent resistor-based solar trackers.

Paramjeet Singh Paliyal

Surajit Mondal

Samar Layek

Piyush Kuchhal

Jitendra Kumar Pandey

Automatic Solar Tracking System: A Review Pertaining to Advancements and Challenges in the Current Scenario

自动太阳能跟踪系统：当前情景下的进展与挑战综述

Abbreviation
Journal Impact	2.87
Quartiles(Global)	GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY(Q3)

ISSN	2515-396X, 2515-4230
h-index	22

Publication Information	Publisher: Oxford University Press，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: Yes
Basic data	Year of publication: 2017，Proportion of original research papers: 96.05%，Self Citation Rate:17.20%， Gold OA Rate: 96.02%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：10 Weeks

Clean Energy

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Combined cold, heat and power (CCHP) systems and fuel cells for CCHP applications: a topological review

Systematic modelling of barriers to solar energy integration in coal-intensive steel manufacturing settings: a case study in India

Opportunities and challenges of large-scale salt cavern hydrogen storage in China coupled with renewable energy sources

Modeling, Control Study, and Power Management Strategy of a Hybrid Grid-Connected AC/DC Microgrid with High Integration of Renewable Energies and Green Hydrogen Sources

Transforming carbon-intensive coal-fired power plants into negative emission technologies via biomass-fired calcium looping retrofit

Modeling, Control Study, and Power Management Strategy of a Hybrid Grid-Connected AC/DC Microgrid with High Integration of Renewable Energies and Green Hydrogen Sources

Opportunities and challenges of large-scale salt cavern hydrogen storage in China coupled with renewable energy sources

Systematic modelling of barriers to solar energy integration in coal-intensive steel manufacturing settings: a case study in India

Transforming carbon-intensive coal-fired power plants into negative emission technologies via biomass-fired calcium looping retrofit

Automatic Solar Tracking System: A Review Pertaining to Advancements and Challenges in the Current Scenario