Journal of Associated Medical Sciences

Background: Visual perception in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can vary, often showcasing both strengths and challenges. Many individuals with ASD excel in detail-oriented processing, allowing them to focus on fine details rather than the overall picture, which can be advantageous in tasks requiring attention to small details, such as visual search and pattern recognition. Understanding these unique aspects of visual perception in ASD is crucial for developing tailored interventions and support strategies to enhance visual processing abilities and overall social functioning. Objective: To understand the visual perception skills in autism spectrum disorder. Materials and methods: The systematic review was registered in PROSPERO and followed the guidelines of PRISMA. A comprehensive search was conducted through the databases (Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, EBSCOhost, and OTseeker) and printed journals. Studies were included if they focused on visual perception skills in children with autism aged 3-12 years, were peer-reviewed, published between January 2014 and February 2024, and were available in full-text in English. The AXIS Tool for Cross Sectional Studies was used to conduct the critical appraisal. Results: 19141 studies were derived for database search and 932 from printed journals. A total of sixteen (N=16) studies were identified within the scope of our study. AXIS Tool for Cross-sectional studies was used to evaluate the quality of the sixteen studies. Visual perception skills in ASD have yielded diverse findings, such as perceptual bias, enhanced visual processing, enhanced visual search, and differences in visual processing speed. The review suggested that visual perception impairments are commonly seen in ASD, impacting their functional independence. The review also highlights the importance of understanding the basis of visual perception impairments in this population. Conclusion: The systematic review concludes that visual perception deficits are one of the primary deficits in autism spectrum disorder. Furthermore, the review reflects on the complex and diverse nature of visual perception skills exhibited by individuals with autism spectrum disorder. These deficits impact overall performance in everyday functioning, especially self-care, academics, and socialization.

Redkar Simran Sandeep

Ganapathy Sankar Umaiorubagam

Deepak Vignesh Raj S

Understanding visual perception skills in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review

理解自闭症谱系障碍中的视觉感知技能：一项系统性综述

Background: Culture of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is essential for antimicrobial susceptibility testing and drug resistance surveillance. However, the success rate for N. gonorrhoeae culture from samples collected at sexually transmitted disease clinics is low. Moreover, culturing this fastidious organism can be challenging. Objective: This study aimed to develop and evaluate a modified fastidious broth (mFB) for improved preservation and culture of N. gonorrhoeae that would serve as both a transport medium for specimen collection from patients with suspected gonococcal infections and a growth enhancer for N. gonorrhoeae culture. Materials and methods: The mFB was evaluated using five standard bacteria strains at a concentration of 105 , 103 , and 101 CFU/ml: N. gonorrhoeae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. After that, the mFB was used to collect specimens from 29 patients (77 samples) at the Venereal Disease Clinic at Mae Sot Hospital in Tak Province, Thailand, between October 2023 and February 2024. A total of 77 specimens were divided into 2 groups according to the gram-negative diplococci in Gram stain: 1) positive results (8 specimens) and 2) negative results (69 specimens). Furthermore, the N. gonorrhoeae culture was compared by using mFB on Chocolate agar (CA) and the direct plate specimen culture on Thayer Martin agar (TMA). Results: The results showed that the mFB could inhibit the growth of E. coli, L. monocytogenes, S. agalactiae, and S. saprophyticus but did not affect the growth of N. gonorrhoeae and significantly enhanced its growth. Using mFB, N. gonorrhoeae recovered 100% (8/8) of the positive Gram stain results from 77 clinical specimens, while direct TMA culture only recovered 75% (6/8). In addition, mFB enabled the detection of N. gonorrhoeae in 2 of the 69 Gram stain-negative specimens that were negative by direct TMA culture. Conclusion: N. gonorrhoeae culture using mFB, followed by subculture on CA, indicated that the mFB can preserve N. gonorrhoeae in clinical specimens during delivery to the laboratory and promote its growth. This has the potential to improve gonorrhea diagnosis and treatment with appropriate antibiotics, as well as enhance surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant gonorrhea.

Wiriya Simmawong

Sirilak Teeraputon

Wachanan Wongsena

Improvement in Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture using modified fastidious broth

使用改良的苛养肉汤提高淋病奈瑟菌培养效果

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health problem worldwide, and it is increasing, especially in developed and developing countries, including Thailand. Sepsis is a crisis and emergency causing the death of patients with a high mortality rate of 1 in 5 of the global population. Using inappropriate antimicrobial drugs to treat infections increases the chance of drug resistance in the microorganisms, and precise and rapid treatment is essential for patient management. Objective: This cooperative study aims to evaluate a commercial multiplex real-time PCR panel, QIAstat-Dx BCID GN Plus AMR Panel, to detect antimicrobial-resistant genes in the bloodstream. Materials and methods: Thirty bacterial samples were used to simulate bloodstream infections. The comparison between the QIAstat-Dx BCID GN Plus AMR Panel and the conventional PCR method was revealed. Results: Both methods gave concordant results for 12 samples, while results for 15 were discordant. Three samples could not be detected using the QIAstat-Dx BCID GN Plus AMR Panel because ebc gene is not included. The QIAstat-Dx BCID GN Plus AMR Panel revealed a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 91.50%, 93.30%, 74.10%, and 98.50%, respectively. Conclusion: The study indicated that the QIAstat-Dx BCID GN Plus AMR Panel Cartridge can detect common antimicrobial-resistant genes from the bloodstream. However, additional resistant genes should be included in the panel to cover various highly prevalent antimicrobial-resistant genes based on geographical location.

Pimwan Thongdee

Putt Narongdej

Passara Wongthai

Sirachat Nitchaphanit

Kasidach Chuenchom

Kanlaya Krataipech

Jantima Raksatham

Dutsadee Peerapongpaisarn

Wilawan Oransathit

Sirigade Ruekit

Nattaya Ruamsap

Piraporn Juntanawiwat

Paphavee Lertsethtakarn

Pongthorn Narongroeknawin

Tanit Boonsiri

Evaluation of a commercial multiplex real-time PCR panel for identification environmental water antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hemoculture bottles

评估商业多重实时PCR面板在血培养瓶中鉴定环境水抗生素耐药细菌的效果

Background: Performance of sit-to-walk (STW) is developed along with improvement in neuromuscular control. Visual development plays an important role for motor learning and function in childhood. There was little evidence to indicate the relationship between visual function and motor performance. Objective: This study aims to examine the relationship between STW performance and visual perception in children with typical development. Materials and methods: Fifteen healthy children aged 7 to 12 years participated in the study. They were asked to complete the Development Test of Visual PerceptionThird Edition (DTVP-3). Motion capture was used to collect spatiotemporal data from five STW trials. The relationship between these spatiotemporal parameters and visual perceptual scores were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: Positive moderate and high correlation were found between the eyehand coordination sub-score and the first (r=0.52, p&lt;0.05) and second step width&gt;&lt;0.05) and second step width (r=0.71, p&lt;0.01) of STW, respectively. The second step width also correlated with the visual-motor integration composite (r=0.55, p&lt;0.05). There was moderate correlation between the stride length and the copying subtest (r=0.52, p&lt;0.05). &gt;&lt;0.05). Conclusion: This preliminary study demonstrated that some spatial parameters of STW performance were associated with the visual-motor abilities of the DTVP-3. This suggested that an improvement in motor performance is developed along with visual perceptual function especially motor involving task.

Somnuek Songvanich

Duangporn Suriyaamarit

Sujitra Boonyong

Relationship between sit-to-walk performance and visual perception in children with typical development: A preliminary study

典型发育儿童从坐到走表现与视觉感知的关系：一项初步研究

Background: Stress is one of the key factors leading to mood disorders. Screening for stress through questionnaires and heart rate variability (HRV) required delicate consideration and expertise for result interpretation. Nowadays, wrist-worn devices, a non-invasive and real-time monitoring technology for assessing stress levels, are widely used. Objective: To evaluate wrist-worn devices for stress measurement and assess the stress responsiveness of Thai massage (TM) and cardio-exercise in volunteers. Materials and methods: Device verification was inferred before distributing the wrist-worn device to volunteers. Fifty volunteers were randomly assigned to 1.5 hours of TM and 4 weeks of cardio-exercise in zones 1-2 as a stress relaxation program. The stress response rate was compared among 3 different stress measurement tools: an HRV device, cortisol level, and a wrist-worn device. Results: Wrist-worn devices’ step count and heart rate function were verified within an acceptable error of &lt;5% and well correlated with the HRV device before starting the assignment. The significantly decreased value of the stress after TM indicated the responsiveness for stress relaxation within an 85% response rate by HRV (p&lt;0.001) and 75% by wrist-worn devices (p=0.002). &gt;&lt;0.001) and 75% by wrist-worn devices (p=0.002). Higher response outcomes were achieved from the cardio-exercise program, resulting in an 80% response rate by cortisol (p&lt;0.001), 83.3% by HRV device (p=0.001), and 90% by the wrist-worn device (p=0.001). Significant agreement of Kappa values for all paired devices under cardio-exercise reveals an acceptable similar response outcome from wrist-worn devices. The responsive outcome between TM and cardio-exercise programs in similar volunteer groups demonstrates no significant difference measured by HRV devices (p=0.375) and wrist-worn devices (p=0.625) using the McNemar test. Conclusion: The data herein suggest that a wrist-worn device’s stress monitoring provides satisfaction with real-time monitoring and long-term records comparable with HRV devices and cortisol measurements. Cardio exercise for 4 weeks of light and very light cardio is suggested as a continuous approach for stress relaxation. The TM program is a passive intervention that may help temporary relaxation compared to continuous cardio exercise according to subjective preference.

Chatladda Thubthimngam

Patutong Chatchawal

Molin Wongwattanakul

Wichai Eungpinichpong

Patcharee Jearanaikoon

Evaluation of stress measurement using a wrist-worn device in volunteer subjects under Thai massage and cardio-exercise treatment

使用腕戴设备在泰国按摩和心脏运动治疗下对志愿者进行压力测量的评估

Background: The cough transportability technique reflects changes in mucus rheology. However, the necessity of high airflow rates, such as 8 L/s, to carry out this technique limits its utility, as specialized setups or equipment are required. Objective: This study aims to identify practical alternatives to higher airflow rates and utilize easily accessible equipment, such as mechanical air pumps (2 L/s). Materials and methods: Mucus simulant gel (MSG) of 4 viscoelasticity and sputum from patients with bronchiectasis were collected and prepared. All samples underwent standard airflow cough transport (sCT) and modified cough transport (mCT). Additionally, three rounds of each MSG and two rounds of sputum underwent mCT. Results: A Pearson correlation analysis between mCT and sCT revealed very high (r=0.986, p=0.014) and high (r=0.771, p&lt;0.001) in the MSG and the sputum of bronchiectasis patients, respectively. The test-retest reliability of mCT revealed ICCs of 0.997 and 0.926 in the MSG and sputum of patients with bronchiectasis, respectively.&gt; Conclusion: mCT could be an alternative to sCT, offering a more accessible option for conducting cough transportability

Aung Aung Nwe

Nimit Kosura

Chatchai Phimphasak

Pornthip Barnludech Barnludech

Sithu Aung

Worawat Chumpangern

Guntaragorn Hongrattana

Sujittra Kluayhomthong

Pornanan Domthong

Wipa Reechaipichitkul

Chatchaya Jaimanee

Uraiwon Chatchawan

Wantana Siritaratiwat

Chulee Ubolsakka-Jones

The validity and reliability of modified cough transport outcome using slower airflow for assessing mucus viscoelasticity

改良咳嗽气流速度下评估黏液黏弹性效果的有效性与可靠性

Background: Momordica charantia L., the common name for bitter gourd, frequently used as a vegetable and in traditional medicine to treat wounds, peptic ulcers, parasites, and worms. Regarding of finding alternative ways to cure nosocomial infection caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, bitter gourd in combination with some antibiotics may be a practical choice to reduce the cost of therapy and be devoid of side effects from antibiotics. Objective: This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and synergy effects of ethanol extract from bitter gourd in combination with conventional antibiotics, ampicillin, and oxytetracycline against some drug-resistant bacteria. Materials and methods: The antimicrobial activity was tested by broth microdilution, and the lowest concentration that inhibits the visible growth of each microorganism was recorded as MIC. A checkerboard microdilution assay was designed to test the synergistic effect of bitter gourd extract. A crystal violet staining assay was carried out to test antibiofilm activity Results: The bitter gourd extracted by ethanol revealed antibacterial activity with a MIC range of 1.25-80 mg/mL. Synergistic effects of bitter gourd extract with ampicillin and oxytetracycline were effective against P. mirabilis and drug-resistant P. aeruginosa growth by FICI at 0.141 and 0.63, respectively. The results found that bitter gourd exhibited antibiofilm activities against E. coli ATCC 25922, drugresistant P. aeruginosa, and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at 2-4 hours after starting inoculum and the inhibitory efficacy values were 37.62%, 71.14%, and 69.87%, respectively. Conclusion: The ethanol extract from bitter gourd had antibacterial effect, synergy effect when mixed with ampicillin and oxytetracycline.

Wisatre Kongcharoensuntorn

Araya Inthasorn

Chadaphorn Kraekrathok

Sirimas Chiangthong

Wachiraya Dujjanakee

Momordica charantia L. with Oxy Combination of Momordica charantia L. with oxytetracycline enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against some multidrug-resistant bacteria

苦瓜L.与氧四环素组合对某些多药耐药细菌的抗菌和抗生物膜活性增强

Background: Graduate education, particularly at the master’s and doctoral levels, is crucial in developing advanced professional skills and fostering a researchoriented mindset. However, many students struggle to complete their research due to various motivational and institutional challenges. This literature review examines the factors influencing research completion in graduate school to provide insights into occupational therapy and related health professions, emphasizing the importance of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors. Objective: The primary goals of this review are to (1) identify the intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors that influence research completion, (2) explore the barriers to research completion at the graduate level, and (3) propose motivational strategies that graduate programs can adopt to support research completion among occupational therapy and other health professions. Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including the ASEAN Citation Index, EBSCO, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The review focused on studies published between 2010 and 2024 investigating motivational strategies, barriers, and research completion in graduate school. A total of 17 peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to frequency and thematic analyses to identify key themes and patterns. Results: The thematic analysis revealed four key themes: (1) intrinsic motivation and personal growth, (2) external support and institutional resources, (3) barriers to research completion, and (4) improving support systems. The findings highlight that intrinsic factors such as personal satisfaction and ambition are crucial for research completion, while external factors like mentorship, institutional resources, and cultural context play significant roles. Identified barriers include imposter syndrome, inadequate supervision, and time management challenges. Enhancing mentorship, strengthening institutional support, and developing student skills are recommended to improve research completion rates. Conclusion: This review underscores the importance of addressing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors to support research completion among graduate students in occupational therapy and related health professions. By implementing targeted strategies that enhance mentorship, provide robust institutional support, and develop essential research skills, graduate programs can significantly improve research outcomes and advance evidence-based practice in health professions.

Paolo Miguel Bulan

Bea Katrina Andrino

Shanielle Marie Villa

Gyle Baluran

Efren Valiente

Asonita Parmisana

Glenda Leslie Baker

Edna B Cameron

Emmalyn B Cutamora

Nikki Pestaño

John Ray Suerte

Brian Anthony Pasaol

Motivational factors influencing research completion: A literature review for occupational therapy and health professions

影响研究完成的动力因素：职业治疗与健康专业的文献综述

Background: The field of entrepreneurship poses significant challenges for undergraduate students and physical therapists in Thailand. Entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurial courses in the physical therapy curriculum, and personality qualities are likely the prominent influencers. The social-environmental factors, access to resources, and perceptions of opportunity are also suggested to play a role of the secondary influencers on entrepreneurship. Regrettably, there is a lack of empirical evidence about the impact of these effects on entrepreneurial concepts within physical therapy. Objective: This study aimed to ascertain the mutual correlation and assess the primary and secondary influencers for entrepreneurship among undergraduate students and physical therapists. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 physical therapy students and general physical therapists. An online, structured questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale for primary and secondary influencing factors was designed. All questions’ content validity and reliability were determined before being applied to all respondents, and a significant relationship was identified with Barlette’s test. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure (KMO) and the measure of sample adequacy (MSA) were used to assess the overall feasibility of factorial analysis. Finally, the IBM SPSS AMOS program analyzed the influence on entrepreneurship with structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: The results from 120 responses (74 females and 46 males), 64 undergraduate students, and 56 general physical therapists were 25.81±6.62 years (21-51 years old). All questions showed good reliability. All influencing factors showed a significant relationship and feasibility through factor analysis (FA). Furthermore, the primary factors showed that personality traits strongly influenced entrepreneurship compared to entrepreneurial intention. However, the curriculum had a meager impact. In addition, secondary influencing factors, such as opportunity perception, access to resources, and social-environment factors, highly influence entrepreneurship. Conclusion: Personality traits and entrepreneurial intention are the most influencing factors, but the course in the curriculum is less influential for entrepreneurship. On the other hand, opportunity perception, access to resources, and social/environmental factors are also the secondary strong influencing factors among physical therapy students and general physical therapists.

Jirakrit Leelarungrayub

Bordin Phayaphrom

Mohammad Rahimee Ibrahim

The roadblocks to business ownership: Analyzing the challenges Thai physical therapists face despite entrepreneurial education

企业所有权的障碍：分析泰国物理治疗师在创业教育背景下面临的挑战

Pornthip Barnludech

改良咳嗽输送结果在低气流下评估粘液粘弹性的有效性和可靠性

Publication Information	Publisher: Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: Yes
Basic data	Year of publication: 2019，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：8 Weeks

Journal of Associated Medical Sciences

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Understanding visual perception skills in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review

Improvement in Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture using modified fastidious broth

Evaluation of a commercial multiplex real-time PCR panel for identification environmental water antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hemoculture bottles

Relationship between sit-to-walk performance and visual perception in children with typical development: A preliminary study

Evaluation of stress measurement using a wrist-worn device in volunteer subjects under Thai massage and cardio-exercise treatment

The validity and reliability of modified cough transport outcome using slower airflow for assessing mucus viscoelasticity

Momordica charantia L. with Oxy Combination of Momordica charantia L. with oxytetracycline enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against some multidrug-resistant bacteria

Motivational factors influencing research completion: A literature review for occupational therapy and health professions

The roadblocks to business ownership: Analyzing the challenges Thai physical therapists face despite entrepreneurial education

The validity and reliability of modified cough transport outcome using slower airflow for assessing mucus viscoelasticity

ISSN	2539-6056
h-index	4