MEDICAL DEVICES & SENSORS

Abstract Significant challenges arise when the human body is damaged, diseased and unable to repair itself. Current biomaterials for biomedical devices have limitations to restore function, while materials for implants and sensors often invoke a large foreign body response. Therefore, there is a need to develop suitable biomaterials in the fields of medical devices and sensors. Diamond is emerging due to its many favourable properties including biocompatibility, antimicrobial capability, antifouling properties, electrical conductivity and chemical functionalization capability. Thin film coatings of diamond can be fabricated by chemical vapour deposition, or by particle coatings with nanodiamond materials. Hybrid/composite diamond materials include soft materials such as those processed by electrospinning and melt extrusion, as well as hard materials such as those processed by additive manufacturing. Additive manufacturing is a developing area for diamond biomaterial fabrication and can include both hard and soft materials. The fabrication method used will depend on the properties required of the biomaterial, as well as the application. In this mini‐review, recent progress on using diamond in medical devices and sensors is outlined, with particular emphasis on fabrication methods. We highlight selected applications from recent literature and, in closing, make comments and suggestions to advance the field and direction of diamond application in medical devices and sensors.

Nour Mani

Aaqil Rifai

Shadi Houshyar

Marsilea A. Booth

Kate Fox

Medical Devices & Sensors

Diamond in medical devices and sensors: An overview of diamond surfaces

医疗设备和传感器中的金刚石：金刚石表面综述

Abstract The liver support system (bioartificial liver, BAL) is a potentially efficient treatment during reversible acute liver disease or while waiting for a liver transplant. The main challenge in implementing BAL is a bioreactor, which can fulfil the needs of hepatocyte culture, mass transfer and immunobarriers. In the present study, polymer nanocomposite hollow fibre membranes (HFMs) were fabricated using polyethersulphone (P) as a base polymer, vitamin E TPGS (T) as an additive and carboxylated carbon nanotubes (C) as a filler. These PTC HFMs were functionalized with cryogel (Cr), with or without carboxylated graphene oxide (G), known as PTC‐Cr or PTC‐CrG HFMs, respectively. These HFM substrates were characterized and evaluated for hemocompatibility, cytotoxicity and cellular functionality. Among all the HFM substrates, PTC‐CrG HFMs showed superior hemocompatibility and minimal cytotoxicity. Furthermore, a liver cell bioreactor was developed and studied using PTC‐CrG HFMs. The goat primary liver cells were seeded in a bioreactor and cultured in continuous mode. The cell functionality was better maintained in the continuous mode as compared to that in the batch culture. The three‐dimensional PTC‐CrG HFMs‐based bioreactor can be used for liver cell bioreactor, bioartificial liver system, drug testing/toxicology metabolic study and mass cell culture.

Surendra Kumar Verma

Akshay Modi

Jayesh Bellare

Hollow fibre membrane bioreactor functionalized with GO‐cryogel 3D matrix promotes liver cell anchoring and their functional maintenance

石墨烯-冷冻凝胶三维矩阵修饰的中空纤维膜生物反应器促进肝细胞锚定及其功能维持

Abstract Previous pandemics have shown that facemask use becomes highly popular in public settings due to fear of the disease spreading. There is, however, a lack of strong scientific evidence that facemasks can significantly reduce the spread of respiratory diseases and as such, most governing policies do not mandate these coverings. There is a stark contrast between the policies and acceptance of facemasks across different geographies. In this work, several data sources have been thoroughly analysed to elucidate how viral diseases are transmitted and spread with particular emphasis on the novel SARS‐CoV‐2 virus which is causing an outbreak of COVID‐19. The different types of facemasks and respirators are also explained, the nature of their design and their efficacy is also examined. Several key factors which have been hypothesised to contribute to the spread of viral infections are elaborated in detail including the effect of temperature and humidity, public transportation systems, population density, socio‐economics and sociology. In this work, data are analysed to explain how the disease is spread, how facemasks function and the differences in the number of initial cases based on several contributing factors to the spread of disease. There are also some dangers in automatically recommending community facemask wearing, such as a reduction in the immune system functionality from the reduced exposure to microbes and the disposal issues which result from the large‐scale use of such materials. The questions of whether facemasks are useful in a community setting or if they divert valuable material away from critical healthcare providers are discussed.

Jubair Ahmed

Anthony Harker

Mohan Edirisinghe

COVID‐19: Facemasks, healthcare policies and risk factors in the crucial initial months of a global pandemic

COVID‐19：全球大流行初期关键月份中的口罩、医疗政策与风险因素

The cover image is based on the Review Article The future of microbiome analysis: Biosensor methods for big data collection and clinical diagnostics by Katelyn Sosnowski; Patarajarin Akarapipad et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/mds3.10085.

Katelyn Sosnowski

Patarajarin Akarapipad

Jeong‐Yeol Yoon

Cover Image

封面图片

MEDICAL DEVICES & SENSORSVolume 3, Issue 5 e10038 ISSUE INFORMATIONFree Access Issue Information First published: 25 October 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds3.10038AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume3, Issue5October 2020e10038 RelatedInformation

Roger Narayan

Anthony Atala

B Bal

Aldo Boccaccini

William Brantley

Avi Domb

Christian Hellmich

Peyton Hopson

Kalpana North

Cato Laurencin

Ajay Malshe

Sanjay Mathur

Chikara Ohtsuki

Seeram Ramakrishna

Rui Reis

Bradley Ringeisen

William Rymer

Wei Sun

Pankaj Vadgama

Min Wang

Jackie Ying

Issue Information

问题信息

MEDICAL DEVICES & SENSORSVolume 4, Issue 1 e10092 ISSUE INFORMATIONFree Access Issue Information First published: 29 March 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds3.10092AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract The cover image is based on the Original Article UV-Induced DNA Damage Response in Blood Cells for Cancer Detection by Fariborz Taghipour et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/mds3.10146. We are grateful to Sonia H.Y. Kung for designing the cover art. Volume4, Issue1February 2021e10092 RelatedInformation

Abstract The biotechnology sector needs cost‐effective, renewable, reusable and sustainable raw materials. There are many different biomaterials existed in this area, such as magnetic nanoparticles, silica, clay and polymers. But they have many disadvantages about cost, preparation conditions and toxic chemicals. Aerogel technology provides high added‐value lightweight materials with huge porous structures high surface area and low density. The aerogels are classified into inorganic and organic according to the source of gel precursors. The inorganic aerogels are mostly prepared from alkoxides and various metal oxides. But either inorganic aerogels or first organic aerogels (resorcinol–formaldehyde) are composed of toxic chemicals that inherent them using in life science. Nowadays for preparing organic aerogels, natural precursors, such as polysaccharides (cellulose, chitosan, starch, alginate, carrageenan and curdlan) or proteins (silk fibroin and ovalbumin), milk (caseins and whey proteins, soy), are used and named as bioaerogels or biobased aerogels. All of these components are natural, biodegradable, bioactive and biocompatible for human. The biobased aerogels are mostly synthesized with polysaccharides. The natural polysaccharides and/or their derivatives can be used because of their availability, low toxicity, stability upon storage, good biological performance and enzyme‐controlled biodegradability. Also, cellulose‐based aerogels can be prepared using many renewable sources (wheat husk, potato tubers, paper waste, bagasse, etc) which is also very important for waste management. Biodegradable and biobased aerogels are of increasing pursuit, as the use of these compounds can be an alternative for reducing the impact on the environment. This mini review summarized the steps of preparation techniques of aerogels and explained the usage areas of biobased aerogels with examples of in drug delivery, wound healing and tissue engineering.

Burcu Okutucu

The medical applications of biobased aerogels: ‘Natural aerogels for medical usage’

生物基气凝胶的医学应用：“医用天然气凝胶”

Abstract Significant advances have been presented in the last decades in the field of biomedical analysis and sensing, especially pertaining to routine procedures based on immunologic and nucleic acids, including enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RTq‐PCR). Despite their efficiency, some limitations such as reagent stability and availability, cost and cumbersome analysis procedures still limit further advances in this area. In this context, the development of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for biomedical purposes has contributed to the improvement of consolidated applications and the development of new approaches in a wide range of application scenarios. This review discusses the contribution of MIPs for advances in biomedical sensing in the past 5 years highlighting their main synthesis strategies, and applications especially for the detection of biomarkers, viruses and bacteria. Last but not least, the utility of MIPs in diagnostic imaging is emphasized.

Alex D. Batista

Weida R. Silva

Boris Mizaikoff

Molecularly imprinted materials for biomedical sensing

用于生物医学传感器的分子印迹材料

Abstract Magnesium (Mg) alloys show promise in biomedical implants due to their excellent mechanical strength, biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, their rapid degradation rates in vivo induce toxicity and reduce their mechanical strength thereby, limiting their widespread usage. Our group employs a 3D inkjet printing technique for polymeric surface modification of bioresorbable AZ31 Mg alloy towards corrosion control. Thin films of three proprietary formulations of elastomeric poly (ester urethane) urea (PEUU) embedded with an anti‐proliferative drug paclitaxel (Taxol) were coated on biodegradable AZ31 Mg coupons. Multilayer coatings of 5 and 20 layers were deposited for virgin (PEUU‐V), PEUU with phosphorylcholine (PEUU‐PC) and PEUU with sulfobetaine (PEUU‐SB). Coating thicknesses of 8 µm and 19 µm were observed for 5‐layer and 20‐layer coatings, respectively. Surface morphology results depicted the presence of Taxol beads on PEUU‐V and PEUU‐SB coatings due to precipitation. An equivalent circuit model was used to calculate the polarization resistance values and revealed that the polymeric coatings provided a significant protective effect on the corrosion rate of AZ31 Mg alloy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements indicated that PEUU‐SB offered the least resistance to corrosion and had the highest porosity (35.6%) among all the polymeric coatings. PEEU‐V polymeric coatings offered the greatest polarization resistance with the least porosity (10.5%). Statistical analysis confirmed that the 20‐layer coating thickness had a significantly higher polarization resistance than the 5‐layer coatings. This research lays the foundation for developing corrosion control drug‐eluting coatings for cardiovascular and other medical device applications via surface modification using 3D inkjet printing.

Eben Adarkwa

Ruben Kotoka

Salil Desai

3D printing of polymeric Coatings on AZ31 Mg alloy Substrate for Corrosion Protection of biomedical implants

用于生物医学植入物腐蚀保护的AZ31镁合金基底聚合物涂层的3D打印

Abstract Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer‐related deaths in the West and has a 5‐year survival rate of only 2%–9%. Pancreatic cystic lesions are precursors of pancreatic cancers and a prime target for early diagnosis. Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) enables collection of cystic fluid aiming for the diagnosis of malign and premalign cysts. However, this fluid is acellular or paucicellular in 20% of cases, hampering a proper diagnosis. Here, we introduce a minimally invasive Nitinol brush that can be operated through the 413 µm lumen of a 22G FNA needle. During operation, the brush is rotated against the inner wall of the cyst, removing cells and dispersing them in the cystic fluid, where they can be aspirated through the needle. We demonstrate the brush function using three models. An in vitro cyst model was used to visualize the brushing procedure and the mechanical interaction between the brush and the wall of a spherical cavity. Ex vivo porcine intestine and bovine ovary cyst models were used to demonstrate how brushing increases the number of harvested cells with more than one order of magnitude. These results indicate the potential of cystic brushing for the minimally invasive early diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Filipe Marques

Francisco Baldaque‐Silva

Wouter van der Wijngaart

Urban Arnelo

Niclas Roxhed

A loop‐shaped minimally invasive brush for improved cytology sampling of pancreatic cysts during EUS‐FNA

一种环形微创刷用于提高胰腺囊肿EUS-FNA细胞学采样效果

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Diamond in medical devices and sensors: An overview of diamond surfaces

Hollow fibre membrane bioreactor functionalized with GO‐cryogel 3D matrix promotes liver cell anchoring and their functional maintenance

COVID‐19: Facemasks, healthcare policies and risk factors in the crucial initial months of a global pandemic

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Issue Information

Issue Information

The medical applications of biobased aerogels: ‘Natural aerogels for medical usage’

Molecularly imprinted materials for biomedical sensing

3D printing of polymeric Coatings on AZ31 Mg alloy Substrate for Corrosion Protection of biomedical implants

A loop‐shaped minimally invasive brush for improved cytology sampling of pancreatic cysts during EUS‐FNA