Detritus

This study examines the chemical, thermal, and dielectric properties of gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) based on poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, average Mn=700 g/mol). GPEs were synthesized via a single-step UV-irradiation process, whereby PEGDA was mixed with varying concentrations of a commercial liquid electrolyte (1 M LiPF6 in EC/DEC 50/50 v/v) ranging from 0 to 60 wt%. The results of the infrared analysis indicated that the liquid electrolyte was successfully immobilized within the polymeric matrix. The thermally stable nature of the synthesized GPEs was confirmed across a wide temperature range (-40 to 90°C) through thermal analysis. Furthermore, dielectric measurements were conducted in a frequency range of 0.1 to 106 Hz, with a sinusoidal AC amplitude of 10 mV, from 20 to 100°C. The results demonstrated that the ionic conductivity of GPEs increased with the addition of liquid electrolyte. The GPEs prepared with 60 wt% liquid electrolyte exhibited a conductivity value of approximately 6.6x10-3 S/m at 30°C, which is consistent with the conductivity range reported in the literature.

Ana Barrera

Corinne Binet

Imene Benabela

Philippe Supiot

Corinne Foissac

Ulrich Maschke

GEL POLYMER ELECTROLYTES ELABORATED BY UV-IRRADIATION FOR THE ECO-DESIGN OF LI-ION BATTERIES

用于锂离子电池生态设计的紫外辐照凝胶聚合物电解质

In this work new biocomposite materials from wasted citrus peels has been validated for a value-added packaging and novel cosmetic products. Specifically, extracted natural fibres and dehydrated pulp from citrus fruit were combined with polylactic acid and other additives as materials for the production of bio-based packaging jars and cosmetic products. For the composition of the packaging an orange powder (dehydrated wastes) was found to be the best performing, while orange comminute, which results from milling the orange peel, was most suitable for composition of the cosmetic formulations. Polylactic acid was compounded with citrus fibres by up to 25 wt.% by twin screw extrusion and processed via injection moulding, one of the most widespread processing technologies for producing rigid packaging containers. Composites were characterized, defining their mechanical, morphological and thermal properties. Validation of packaging thermostability performance was performed by Heat deflection temperature in compliance to ISO75 and VICAT softening temperature in accordance with ISO306. Compatibility tests of packaging demonstrators with newly formulated cosmetic products has been investigated as well. An accelerated compatibility test of the cosmetic jars with water and oil-based simulants was performed at ambient temperature, -5 °C, and at 45 °C. The results indicated that new cosmetic packaging are not consistent with water-based cosmetic formulations but are compatible with products based on natural oils. While the price of these products is generally higher than those using conventional plastics, they are competitive for premium cosmetic brands.

Vesna Žepič Bogataj

Peter Fajs

Carolina Peñalva

Georgios Tsatsos

Citrus waste fibres for natural cosmetic and bioplastic packaging

柑橘废弃纤维用于天然化妆品和生物塑料包装

Recycling lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a solution to minimise the environmental problems caused by the consumption of natural resources and the generation of hazardous waste. This paper aims to assess the potential environmental impacts and benefits of four scenarios for recycling LIBs from smartphones and laptops using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The methodological approach followed four steps: i) scenario modelling representing the current and future situations of LIBs End-of-Life (EoL) management from smartphones and laptops; ii) estimating smartphones, laptops and respective LIBs waste generation; iii) mapping representative recycling options; and iv) assessment of potential environmental impacts using LCA with 16 ILCD midpoint categories. The results revealed that hydrometallurgical recycling in Brazil could be less harmful than pyrohydrometallurgical recycling in Europe in 12 impact categories. The benefits of recycling are mainly of Co and Ni recovery. Results of scenarios indicate that the more optimistic scenario, which includes expanding Reverse Logistics to 50% of collection, internal recycling to 75%, and reducing of LIBs waste sent to landfills in 44%, had the best environmental performance in all 13 impacts categories. For the Climate change category, scenario 4 presents net environmental benefits of -1.83E+05 kgCO2eq while scenarios 1, 2 and 3 do not present a net environmental benefit. Scenarios assessment shows that more significant environmental benefits are achieved when the formal collection rate is increased, and the less impactful technology option makes the recovery of materials. These results can help decision-makers promote the management and recycling more sustainable of LIBs waste.

Ana Mariele Domingues

Ricardo Gabbay de Souza

Aldo Roberto Ometto

Sandro Donnini Mancini

Flavia Carla dos Santos Martins Padoan

Jose Rocha Andrade da Silva

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF SCENARIOS FOR END-OF-LIFE MANAGEMENT OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES FROM SMARTPHONES AND LAPTOPS

智能手机和笔记本电脑锂离子电池生命周期评估的报废管理情景

Spain and Italy stand out as frontrunners in renewable energy adoption, particularly in photovoltaic (PV) technology, as part of the strategy for the Energetic Transition to clean sources. However, as Europe progresses towards clean energies, managing the end-of-life waste from solar panels emerges as a pressing challenge. In the coming years, the PV waste will grow exponentially, reaching 23 and 39 kt in 2030 in Italy and Spain, respectively. European regulations require that these wastes be properly managed using Circular Economy techniques to maximise the recovery of its components. Among these components, Si or Cu (CRM) are particularly important because of the supply risk and strategic importance to the EU. This study aims to forecast the magnitude of this waste stream in Spain and Italy from 2024 to 2030, both significant players in solar energy production, while also exploring the potential economic opportunities associated with its recycling.

Silvia Oñate

Santiago Rosado

Lidia Gullón

Valorisation of the waste from photovoltaic panels and analysis of the business potential from recycling in Spain and Italy

光伏板废弃物的价值化及西班牙和意大利回收业务潜力分析

Chemical recycling of polyvinyl chloride containing plastic waste to recover critical metals is a promising way to solve two important problems (polyvinyl chloride disposal and critical metal recovery) in waste management and is being transferred on a larger scale in the “CHM-Technology” project. Various polyvinyl chloride containing plastic wastes were pyrolyzed to generate a hydrogen chloride rich vapor. This hydrogen chloride rich vapor is used in a second step to chlorinate indium in liquid crystal displays. Indium chloride has a lower boiling point than indium-tin-oxide and evaporates. This is cooled down and generates a metal concentrate together with the decomposed volatile materials from liquid crystal displays. The chlorine content in the polyvinyl chloride containing plastic waste residues is reduced. The products solid, oil, hydrochloric acid and gas can be used for new products. For metal purification the metal concentrate is mixed with water, filtrated, distilled and an electrolysis is carried out to recover metallic indium. Nine waste containing PVC were used with significant differences: when more hydrochloric acid and less volatile organic fraction was produced, more indium was transferred to the metal concentrate. The best recovery of indium (78% purity after electrolysis) was 39 wt-% from LCD panels containing 83 mg In/kg.

Michael Peer

Burkhard Berninger

Alexander Hofmann

Thomas Fehn

Chemical recycling of PVC-containing plastic waste for recycling of critical metals

含PVC塑料废物化学回收中的关键金属回收

Raffaello Cossu

Ian Williams

The need for sinks during the transition to a global Circular Economy

过渡到全球循环经济过程中对吸纳能力的需求

The growing demand for rare earth elements (REEs) and sustainable development issues have made the REEs recovery from permanent magnets (PMs) attract the attention of many researchers in the last decade. The NEW-RE and INSPIREE projects have been introduced to evaluate the recovery of REE elements from permanent magnets on a pilot and industrial scale. In this research, the economic aspect of the mentioned projects was performed using SuperPro software. The main aim of the work is to highlight the critical aspects of the process for a targeted optimization. The results showed that the CAPEX and OPEX for treating 3,600 tons/year of permanent magnets are 9 and 110 million euros, respectively, and an EBITDA of 4.8 million euros can be achieved (payback period less than two years). In the economic model, the cost of spent PMs was considered equal to 50% of its REEs value (14,251 €/ton). Also, it was found that the main OPEX costs are raw materials (65%) and energy (16%), respectively. It needs to be pointed out that the maximum price of permanent magnets can be 15,230 €/ton (BEP).

Pietro Romano

Soroush Rahmati

Marco Passadoro

Luca Taglieri

Luciano Fratocchi

Francesco Gallo

Francesco Veglio

Simulation and Economical Analysis of Hydro-Nd Process for the Recovery of Rare Earth from End-of-Life Permanent Magnets: NEW-RE and INSPIREE projects

水-Nd工艺回收废旧永磁体中稀土元素的模拟与经济分析：NEW-RE和INSPIREE项目

Managing editor: Rainer Stegmann

Detritus &amp; Art

碎屑与艺术

Managing editor: Marco Schiavon

BOOK REVIEW

书评

The hydrometallurgical recycling of end-of-life Li-ion batteries constitutes a sustainable path for the integral recovery of battery components. However, the heterogeneity of electrode materials constitutes a limitation for process optimization that must provide robust and flexible strategies. In this work, the preliminary results obtained as part of the demonstration activities of the LIFE DRONE project are reported with particular attention to the possibility of integrating the recycling process based on the resynthesis of NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) cathodes with the treatment of mixed black mass also containing LFP (Lithium Ferrous Phosphate) electrodic powders. The experimental results obtained highlight the possibility of leaching NMC black mass in the absence of hydrogen peroxide when NMC-LFP mixtures are used with almost quantitative extraction yields of metals. In particular, working without H2O2 at 60°C for 3 h the following yields of extraction were obtained: 89% for Ni, 69% for Mn, 89% for Co, 91% for Li, 90% for Fe, 100% for P, 56% for Al and 32% for Cu. Furthermore, the experimental data showed that by varying the pH of the leach liquor, it is possible to separate selectively iron phosphate by quantitative precipitation (100% for Fe, 100% for P and 60% for Al) before proceeding with NMC resynthesis.

Francesca Pagnanelli

Pietro Altimari

Pier Giorgio Schiavi

Ludovica D'Annibale

Alyssa Mancini

Marco Colasanti

Emanuela Moscardini

Lorenzo Toro

Ludovica Baldassari

Luigi Toro

LI-ION BATTERY RECYCLING AT PILOT SCALE: DEMONSTRATING THE RESYNTHESIS ROUTE ALSO FOR NMC-LFP MIXED BLACK MASS

中试规模锂离子电池回收：展示NMC-LFP混合黑粉的再合成路线

Abbreviation
Journal Impact	1.13
Quartiles(Global)	ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL(Q4)

ISSN	2611-4127, 2611-4135
h-index	16

Publication Information	Publisher: Cisa Publisher - Eurowaste Srl，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2018，Proportion of original research papers: 93.33%，Self Citation Rate:8.30%， Gold OA Rate: 96.00%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：15 Weeks

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