Dairy

Contamination of milk and dairy products with pathogenic and spoilage bacteria may result in huge economic loss due to recalls of products. This study aimed to identify spore-forming bacteria from raw milk and characterise those for toxin production and their spoilage ability. Bovine raw milk collected from dairy farms in the Manawatu region of the North Island of New Zealand was tested for the presence of both aerobic and anaerobic spore-forming bacteria using standard culture-based techniques, as well as genomic analysis. The spore-forming bacteria were investigated for the presence of toxin genes and their spoilage potential. A low number of aerobic spore-forming bacteria were detected in raw-milk samples collected from the four farms in summer and winter. The 16S rRNA sequence types similar to important food spoilage bacteria like C. beijerinckii, C. sporogenes, B. licheniformis and members of the Paenibacillus genus, as well as potentially toxigenic bacteria such as B. cereus and C. perfringens were isolated. Genes responsible for important toxin production were present in some of the tested spore-forming bacteria. This pilot study highlights the presence of various spoilage and pathogenic spore-forming bacteria in raw milk from these farms. A low number of spore-forming bacteria indicates the implementation of good hygienic farm practices and management to reduce the contamination of raw milk with spore-forming bacteria.

Tanushree B. Gupta

Gale Brightwell

Identification and Characterisation of Spore-Forming Bacteria in Bovine Raw Milk Collected from Four Dairy Farms in New Zealand

新西兰四个奶牛场生牛乳中产孢细菌的鉴定与特性分析

Plant-derived rennet sources have been recognized as effective alternatives to traditional animal-derived rennet in cheese processing, producing various cheeses for vegetarians and Halal consumers. The aim of the present study was to assess the quality and identify potential chemical and sensory markers of Canestrato cheese made from pasteurized mixed cow/sheep milk (50:50 ratio) using a kiwifruit extract (prepared in the laboratory) as a rennet source of vegetable origin. The milk was curdled with an aqueous kiwi extract (cK group), with commercial calf rennet (cT group), or with commercial microbial rennet obtained from the controlled fermentation of Rhizomucor miehei (cH group). For each cheesemaking process, 30 L of mixed milk was used, resulting in 10 forms, each weighing approximately 1 kg. Cheese produced using kiwifruit rennet exhibited improved nutritional characteristics, such as lower total lipid, cholesterol, and sodium content and greater levels of polyphenols, potassium, and phytosterols compared with the cheese of the cT group. The cheese of the cK group had a slightly more pronounced bitterness compared to cheeses made with conventional rennets (cH and cT). Overall, the use of kiwifruit extract as a milk coagulant has proved to be a promising alternative, improving both the nutritional profile and functional properties of the resulting cheese.

Federica Litrenta

Vincenzo Lopreiato

Angela Giorgia Potortì

Vincenzo Lo Turco

Cinzia L. Randazzo

Vincenzo Nava

Carmelo Cavallo

Rossana Rando

Giuseppa Di Bella

Luigi Liotta

The Identification of Potential Nutritional and Sensory Markers for the Authentication of an Innovative Canestrato Cheese Based on Plant-Derived Rennet

基于植物源凝乳酶的创新Canestrato奶酪认证中潜在营养和感官标志物的鉴定

In this study, the integration of a 3D printed turbulence promoter into a stirred membrane separation cell during dairy wastewater ultrafiltration was investigated. Its effects, along with the effects of stirring, on the permeate flux and membrane fouling were examined. The experiments were carried out at different transmembrane pressures (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 MPa) and stirring speeds (RPM: 100–400 min−1), both with and without the application of the turbulence promoter. Various parameters were employed to characterize the membrane performance, such as the permeate flux, the flux decline ratio, and the fouling coefficient. To further investigate the membrane fouling mechanisms, mathematical models were used: the resistance-in-series model, the Makardij model, and the Hermia model. With the resistance-in-series model, we examined whether the membrane fouling was reversible (the deposit could be easily removed by washing operations) or irreversible (irreversible fouling) for each measurement, and with the Makardij model, we investigated whether the rate constant of the fouling or the rate constant of the deposit removal was the most important. In the case of the Hermia model, changes in the cake filtration rate constant were monitored. The results indicate that the combination of the 3D printed turbulence promoter and the stirring speed could effectively reduce membrane fouling during dairy wastewater ultrafiltration.

Nikolett Szpisják-Gulyás

Zsuzsanna László

Szabolcs Kertész

Cecilia Hodúr

Effects of a 3D-Printed Turbulence Promoter on Membrane Fouling During the Ultrafiltration of Dairy Wastewater

3D打印湍流促进器对乳品废水超滤过程中膜污染的影响

The objective of this study was to determine the enteric methane (CH4) emission factor (EF) at the national level for Peruvian dairy cattle following the IPCC Tier II (2006, 2019) methodology. Data were collected from seven regions of Peru and classified according to the type of feeding as intensive, semi-intensive or extensive. It included farm information (geolocation) and livestock information for two seasons of the year. At the national level, lactating cows obtained the highest EF with 117 kg CH4/head/year, followed by heifers from 15 to 24 months of age (91 kg), non-lactating cows (74 kg), heifers from 12 to 15 months of age (67 kg), calves (62 kg) and pre-weaned calves (16 kg). Additionally, the highest EF was reported for lactating cows in the intensive system (151.8 kg CH4/head), which is 46.8 kg CH4/head more per year than that reported in the semi-intensive and extensive systems in the same animal category. The combined uncertainty in all animal categories was low to very low (between 9.4 and 18.72%), except for that of lactating cows, which was low to medium (22.24 and 26.72%). These results allowed us to find the EF that exerts the most pressure according to the level of intensity in Peruvian dairy farming.

Melisa Fernandez

Eduardo Fuentes Navarro

Mario Agustín Viera Valencia

Javier Llacsa

William Leoncio Carrasco Chilón

Wilman Altamirano

Gelver Romero Delgado

Richard Ayala

Jorge Washinton Vela-Alvarado

Jorge Luis Zegarra Paredes

Isabel Cristina Molina-Botero

Carlos Gómez

Enteric Methane Emission Factor for Dairy Farming in Peru

秘鲁奶牛养殖的肠道甲烷排放因子

Milk coagulants play a crucial role in defining curd characteristics. The objective of this study was to compare the coagulation dynamics of two commonly used coagulants in cheesemaking: cardoon flower extract (Cynara cardunculus L.) and commercial chymosin, using sheep milk from four different origins in the Baixo Alentejo region of Portugal, as the substrate. Milk composition was determined using the MilkoScan 133B, while the milk-clotting time (MCT) was measured following ISO 23058/IDF 199:2006 guidelines with slight modifications and coagulation kinetics, and technological properties were evaluated using the Optigraph apparatus. The results demonstrate that the type of coagulant impacts the coagulation properties of sheep milk. Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated that milk samples with higher protein content exhibited longer coagulation times but resulted in firmer curds. On the other hand, the use of cardoon flower extract introduced greater variability compared to chymosin, with a delayed onset of coagulation, reduced curd firmness, and increased variability in enzymatic kinetics. These results suggest that cardoon extract, while traditional, introduces greater heterogeneity in curd formation compared to the more consistent action of chymosin.

Sandra Gomes

Ivanilda Pina

Jaime Fernandes

João Dias

Fernando Reboredo

António P. L. Martins

Nuno Alvarenga

Comparative Study of Coagulation Dynamics: Cardoon Flower Extract vs. Chymosin

凝固动力学比较研究：刺菜花提取物与凝乳酶

In this study, two methods for assessing the purity of A2 fermented milk and β-casein genotypes in dairy cows were examined. The need for rapid and precise methods for herd screening and A2 milk quality control justified this study. Accordingly, an ELISA test was developed to identify β-casein A1 in fermented milk, and a commercial Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) was evaluated to determine A2A2 genotypes and the purity of A2 milk. The results demonstrated 100% sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA test in identifying β-casein A1. The LFIA test successfully identified A2A2 genotypes and confirmed the purity of A2 milk, with a minimum detectable contamination of 5% for raw milk and 10% for fermented milk. Both tests exhibited 100% sensitivity and specificity, resulting in positive and negative predictive values of 100%. The positive likelihood ratio was infinite, while the negative was zero, indicating a precise and reliable test with no false diagnoses. Compared to traditional genotyping, these methods proved to be more practical and showed potential for large-scale screening. It was concluded that ELISA and LFIA are valuable tools for ensuring the quality and authenticity of A2 milk, meeting the demands of producers and consumers for safe and healthy dairy products.

Leandra Oliveira Xavier Albiero

Rafaela Ansiliero

Aniela Pinto Kempka

Comparative Analysis of Rapid and Less Invasive Methods for A2A2 Dairy Cattle Genotyping and A2 Milk Purity Detection

A2A2奶牛基因型鉴定及A2牛奶纯度检测的快速微创方法比较分析

ISSN	2624-862X
h-index	12

Publication Information	Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: Yes
Basic data	Year of publication: 2020，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%
Journal Fees	$Details
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：7 Weeks

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Identification and Characterisation of Spore-Forming Bacteria in Bovine Raw Milk Collected from Four Dairy Farms in New Zealand

The Identification of Potential Nutritional and Sensory Markers for the Authentication of an Innovative Canestrato Cheese Based on Plant-Derived Rennet

Effects of a 3D-Printed Turbulence Promoter on Membrane Fouling During the Ultrafiltration of Dairy Wastewater

Enteric Methane Emission Factor for Dairy Farming in Peru

Comparative Study of Coagulation Dynamics: Cardoon Flower Extract vs. Chymosin

Effects of a 3D-Printed Turbulence Promoter on Membrane Fouling During the Ultrafiltration of Dairy Wastewater

The Identification of Potential Nutritional and Sensory Markers for the Authentication of an Innovative Canestrato Cheese Based on Plant-Derived Rennet

Comparative Study of Coagulation Dynamics: Cardoon Flower Extract vs. Chymosin

Enteric Methane Emission Factor for Dairy Farming in Peru

Comparative Analysis of Rapid and Less Invasive Methods for A2A2 Dairy Cattle Genotyping and A2 Milk Purity Detection