Frontiers in Sports and Active Living

In this special issue, it has been compiled eight articles that provide an insight into video games and esports from a healthy perspective for gamers. Esports is an area that has developed exponentially over the last decade. Most of these have been on the competitive side, with competitions of worldwide interest. However, there are other areas of interest within video games and esports, such as health, psychology, and body composition, due to the fact that players spend many hours a day sitting down, and the psychological demands are very high. This special issue brings together studies that have addressed the health-related, rather than the performance-related, side of this field.More specifically, the first three articles refer to the psychophysiological changes and alterations that occur while playing video games in an amateur and professional environment. Thus, the first article shows how the mood of the players, although it did not influence the subsequent performance of amateur players, did change when they play successive games depending on the result they have had in the previous game, which is decisive since they tend to play several video games on the same day. The second article shows how 3-4 h competitive video games can negatively affect the perceived physical exertion and perceived physical fitness of esports athletes, that could affect their health. A passive break may provide short-term regeneration, but it would not allow for full restoration. On the other hand, breaks that incorporate physical activity could mitigate additional negative consequences of sedentary behavior. This makes physical exercise and body awareness a crucial part of esports training. And the third article shows the physiological stress responses of players during games. Gaming sessions lead to physiological changes such as increased HR, blood pressure, energy expenditure and reduced HR variability. However, game gender, game results and fitness level had no effect on the stress response.The fourth and fifth articles discuss the potential benefits and problems of playing video games and esports. The fourth article discusses the usefulness of video games, specifically virtual reality games, as a tool to combat the sedentary lifestyle that commonly characterizes the esports players. It shows how virtual reality appears to alter perceptions of exertion during physical activity and, in particular, reduces the perception of real exertion. The importance of this lies in the fact that perceived exertion is negatively related to adherence to physical activity, so virtual reality could facilitate adherence to physical activity, with the health benefits that this would bring. In the fifth article, reference is made to one of the main problems with esports players, which is the perception of esports players by their parents. Lack of parental support puts children at greater risk of missing out on the positive outcomes associated with esports making them more prone to possible negative consequences. Parental support is determined by attitudes and perceived behavioral control. Negative attitudes revolve around concern for their children's health and academic success, while lack of perceived behavioral control is based on unfamiliarity with esports. Increased positive exposure to esports could contribute to more positive parental attitudes and improved esports competence.The sixth and seventh articles deal with the importance of the problematic use of video games for the health of players, as well as a very specific area that can contribute to this problematic use, such as tilt, which can also have negative consequences for psychological health. Tilt is a specific gaming term associated with frustration, rage, and deterioration of gameplay ability. Tilt is a phenomenon in which players are triggered by a person or event in the game which generates frustration and other negative emotions, and in turn starts to negatively impact decision-making and gameplay overall. Thus, the sixth article presents a new methodology for analyzing indicators of gaming behavior, with the aim of improving the diagnosis and understanding of internet gaming disorder. To do so, it leverages behavioral telemetry data and extracts emotional states, providing a nuanced understanding of player behavior and emotion regulation. This tool can assist healthcare professionals in the diagnosis and monitoring of the therapeutic process, helping to solve some of the problems associated with traditional methods of assessing internet gaming disorder. In addition, the metrics and visualizations can also inform therapists about the problematic behavior and gaming habits of each gamer, allowing for personalized treatment tailored to the individual and their needs. In the case of the seventh article and considering that tilt is one of the major problems affecting the psychological state of players, the validation of a specific questionnaire to measure this variable is presented. This questionnaire allows for the conceptualization and quantification of the tilt phenomenon, laying the groundwork for exploring its intricate relationships with other variables of interest. Thus, tilt is defined as a construct characterized as a state of frustration escalating into anger, resulting in diminished performance, attention, and recurring negative thoughts about errors. This study also introduces a valuable and promising tool for future research efforts on the psychological experiences of esports players, transcending diverse cultural contexts.And the eighth article shows the perception of the use of performance enhancers in esports contexts. The competitive gaming community in general distinguishes between potential performance enhancers and is more concerned with "hard" drugs, pharmaceuticals, and brain stimulation interventions. Socially accepted drugs and food or food supplements seem to be more accepted. This affects the perception of fairness, which is key to the competition being seen as legitimate. If an institution (e.g., a tournament organizer) can ensure a competition that is largely perceived as fair, both the organizer and the outcome are more likely to be perceived as legitimate.

Adrián Mateo-Orcajada

Mario Albaladejo-Saura

Frano Giakoni-Ramírez

Andrés Godoy

Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal

Editorial: New trends in esports and gaming: analyzing the impact of esports and video games on body composition, psychological state and health of gamers/players

编者按：电子竞技与游戏的新趋势：分析电子竞技和视频游戏对玩家身体成分、心理状态和健康的影响

An investigation of the ankle dynamics in a motor task may generate insights into the etiology of chronic ankle instability (CAI). This study presents a novel application of recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) to examine the ankle dynamics during walking. We hypothesized that CAI is associated with changes in the ankle dynamics as assessed by measures of determinism and laminarity using RQA.We recorded and analyzed the ankle position trajectories in the frontal and sagittal planes from 12 participants with CAI and 12 healthy controls during treadmill walking. We used time-delay embedding to reconstruct the position trajectories to a phase space that represents the states of the ankle dynamics. Based on the phase space trajectory, a recurrence plot was constructed and two RQA variables, the percent determinism (%DET) and the percent laminarity (%LAM), were derived from the recurrence plot to quantify the ankle dynamics.In the frontal plane, the %LAM in the CAI group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05. effect size = 0.86). This indicated that the ankle dynamics in individuals with CAI is less likely to remain in the same state. No significant results were found in the %DET or in the sagittal plane.A lower frontal-plane %LAM may reflect more frequent switching between different patterns of neuromuscular control states due to the instabilities associated with CAI. With further study and development, %LAM may have the potential to become a useful biomarker for CAI.

Sheng-Che Yen

Shaodi Qian

Eric Folmar

Christopher J. Hasson

Chun-An Chou

Recurrence Quantification Analysis of Ankle Kinematics During Gait in Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability

慢性踝关节不稳患者步态中踝关节运动学的复发定量分析

This article reviews the existing literature and outlines recent advances in quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques for the assessment of lower extremity muscle microtrauma following a marathon. Single-modality quantitative MRI techniques include T2 mapping to assess the dynamics of muscle inflammatory edema and variability at the site of injury, Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) to detect subclinical changes in muscle injury, Intravoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM) imaging to provide simultaneous information on perfusion and diffusion in muscle tissue without the need for intravenous contrast, and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) to noninvasively detect intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content in muscle before and after marathon exercise to explain the use of fatty acids as an energy source in skeletal muscle during long-distance running. As well as Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) is particularly suitable for detecting changes in free creatine, pH values and lactate concentrations in muscles before and after exercise, providing a more detailed picture of muscle physiology and chemistry. These metabolic MRI methods enhance the understanding of biochemical alterations occurring in muscles pre- and post-exercise. Multimodal techniques combine different modalities to provide a comprehensive evaluation of muscle structural and functional changes. These advanced techniques aim to better assess microtrauma and guide clinical treatment, though further validation with larger studies is needed to establish their potential over traditional qualitative methods.

Yu Cheng

Xiaokai Li

Advanced quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of lower extremity muscle microtrauma after marathon: a mini review

马拉松后下肢肌肉微创伤的高级定量磁共振成像：简要综述

This paper deals with karate activity in the areas of physical culture in the broad sense. It is a concise and clear approach to the topic, which aimed to conceptualise the inclusion of karate in areas of physical culture as a contemporarily attractive physical activity. Karate was described here as a combat sport, martial art, and self-defence system in the following areas of physical culture: physical education, physiotherapy, recreation, sports, and tourism. Reference here was made to physical activity focused on bunkai (circuit interpretation exercises), kata (circuit exercises), kihon (technical exercises), and kumite (combat exercises). It has been determined that practitioners' involvement in karate culture affects their level of sense of coherence. In addition, the conditioning for using karate in physical culture to the maintenance of health was mentioned. Here, reference was made to the perceptual perspective of the bodily and mental practice of karate for health. It has been established that this can be effective by adopting only the objectives of karate as martial art. Based on the above, it was concluded that practising karate is present in all areas of physical culture as combat sport, martial art, and self-defence system, but practising karate only as martial art provides opportunities for maintenance of health.

Paweł Adam Piepiora

Petra Čaplová

Wojciech Jan Cynarski

A thing about karate in physical culture

体育文化中的空手道二三事

This study aimed to investigate the changes in kinematics and muscle activity with increasing swimming velocity during underwater undulatory swimming (UUS). In a water flume, 8 male national-level swimmers performed three UUS trials at 70, 80, and 90% of their maximum swimming velocity (70, 80, and 90%V, respectively). A motion capture system was used for three-dimensional kinematic analysis, and surface electromyography (EMG) data were collected from eight muscles in the gluteal region and lower limbs. The results indicated that kick frequency, vertical toe velocity, and angular velocity increased with increasing UUS velocity, whereas kick length and kick amplitude decreased. Furthermore, the symmetry of the peak toe velocity improved at 90%V. The integrated EMG values of the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius were higher at 90%V than at the lower flow speeds, and the sum of integrated EMGs increased with increasing UUS velocity. These results suggest that an increase in the intensity of muscle activity in the lower limbs contributed to an increase in kick frequency. Furthermore, muscle activity of the biceps femoris and gastrocnemius commenced slightly earlier with increasing UUS velocity, which may be related to improving kick symmetry. In conclusion, this study suggests the following main findings: 1) changes in not only kick frequency but also in kicking velocity are important for increasing UUS velocity, 2) the intensity of specific muscle activity increases with increasing UUS velocity, and 3) kick symmetry is related to changes in UUS velocity, and improvements in kick symmetry may be caused by changes in the muscle activity patterns.

Keisuke Kobayashi Yamakawa

Hirofumi Shimojo

Hideki Takagi

Yasuo Sengoku

Front. Sports Act. Living

Changes in Kinematics and Muscle Activity With Increasing Velocity During Underwater Undulatory Swimming

水下波动游泳速度增加时运动学和肌肉活动的变化

Introduction Monitoring internal load is crucial for athletes but often requires invasive methods for muscle-related parameters, limiting practicality. Infrared thermography (IRT) related parameters might overcome this limitation. This systematic review aimed to examine the available literature on the response of IRT related parameters to (non-)sport specific exercise and reveal relationships with internal load parameters in athletic populations. Methods Four scientific databases were systematically searched (February 2024) with keywords related to IRT, load, and sports disciplines. Risk of bias was evaluated using QUADAS-2. Main inclusion criteria for studies were i) reporting of IRT related parameters and other internal load parameters prior/post (non-)sport specific exercise ii) inclusion of least Tier 2 athletes ≥ 18 years. After identifying n = 10,538 studies, 13 articles ( n = 231 participants) were included. Results Following (non-)sport specific exercise in athletic populations, the majority of relevant studies showed a decrease in IRT related parameters within 15 min, while studies showed an increase in IRT related parameters following 30 min, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after exercise cessation. Relationships between alterations in IRT related parameters and other internal load parameters are inconsistent across the literature. Conclusion While the majority of studies show an increase in IRT related parameters following (non-)sport specific exercise, relationships with other internal load parameters and underlying physiological mechanisms evoking IRT related alterations are not conclusively revealed in athletic populations. Future research needs to assess the relationship of IRT related parameters especially with inflammatory parameters in athletic populations following (non-)sport specific exercise. Practitioners might assess IRT related parameters in conjunction with other load parameters.

Lukas Masur

Florian Brand

Peter Düking

Response of infrared thermography related parameters to (non-)sport specific exercise and relationship with internal load parameters in individual and team sport athletes—a systematic review

个体和团队运动运动员对（非）专项运动的反应及其与内部负荷参数的关系——一项系统综述

The military veteran starts their career at peak physical fitness. Once injured or retired, physical activity for the veteran is integral to rehabilitation, recovery, and ongoing wellness. This may require adaptation for continued participation in physical activity. The military veteran, in the United States, has access to resources which can facilitate ongoing physical activity, engagement in competitive and recreational sports, no matter what age or ability. Reviewing the current literature will help understand the scope of programs available, their outcomes, and strategies employed to support a lifetime of fitness that may be applied to other populations and health care systems.

Melissa J. Tinney

Chantal Nguyen

Supporting a lifetime of fitness for the military veteran athlete: a narrative review

支持军事退伍运动员终身保持健康：一项叙述性综述

Introduction Active recovery (AR) is used during exercise training; however, it is unclear whether the AR should involve the whole body, only the upper extremities, or only the lower extremities when aiming to maintain localized upper body performance. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of different AR strategies on repeated intermittent finger flexor performance leading to exhaustion. Methods A crossover trial involving a familiarization session and three laboratory visits, each including three exhaustive intermittent isometric tests at 60% of finger flexor maximal voluntary contraction separated by 22 min of randomly assigned AR: walking, intermittent hanging, and climbing. Results The impulse (Nꞏs) significantly decreased from the first to third trials after walking (−18.4%, P = 0.002, d = 0.78), climbing (−29.5%, P &amp;lt; 0.001, d = 1.48), and hanging (−27.2%, P &amp;lt; 0.001, d = 1.22). In the third trial, the impulse from the intermittent test was significantly higher after walking (21,253 ± 5,650 Nꞏs) than after hanging (18,618 ± 5,174 Nꞏs, P = 0.013, d = 0.49) and after climbing (18,508 ± 4,435 Nꞏs, P = 0.009, d = 0.54). Conclusions The results show that easy climbing or intermittent isolated forearm contractions should not be used as AR strategies to maintain subsequent performance in comparison to walking, indicating that using the same muscle group for AR should be avoided between exhaustive isometric contractions.

Dominika Krupková

James J. Tufano

Jiří Baláš

Optimizing active recovery strategies for finger flexor fatigue

优化手指屈肌疲劳的主动恢复策略

Introduction Foot strike pattern is often associated with running related injury and the focus of training and rehabilitation for athletes. The ability to modify foot strike pattern depends on awareness of foot strike pattern before being able to attempt change the pattern. Accurate foot strike pattern detection may help prevent running related injury (RRI) and facilitate gait modifications and shoe transitions. The purposes of this study were to determine the accuracy of self-reported foot strike pattern among endurance runners, to identify what factors were predictive of accurate foot strike detection and recent RRI. Methods This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study which included endurance runners ( N = 710; 51.5% female; 35.4 ± 15.5 years; 51.6% were training competitively at the time of testing) with different running injury histories. Runners self-reported foot strike pattern [rearfoot, non-rearfoot (mid or forefoot), or “don't know”] and information about shoewear specifics. All runners performed a single session of running at self-selected speed on an instrumented treadmill with 3D motion capture and high-speed filming that verified actual foot strike. Logistic regression was used to predict accuracy of foot strike detection and RRI. Results Overall accuracy of foot strike detection was low (42.7%; p &amp;lt; 0.01). Self-reported foot strike was 28.3% for rearfoot, 47.0% for nonrearfoot forefoot strike and 24.6% did not know. Biomechanical analyses actually showed that 34% of rearfoot strikers accurately detected rearfoot strike, while 69.5% of non-rearfoot strikers self-reported accurate non-rearfoot strike ( p &amp;lt; 0.05). Runners who “did not know” their strike had the highest prevalence of RRI compared to runners who self-reported nonrearfoot or rearfoot strike (73% vs. 56% and 58%; p &amp;lt; .001). After accounting for several variables, shoe heel-to-toe drop was a consistent predictor of accurate strike detection [OR = 0 .93 (0.88–0.99); p = 0.026] and RRI in last six months [OR = 1 . 1 (1.01–1.17); p = 0.018]. RRI were also predicted by recent shoe change [OR = 2 .8 (1.7–4.6); p &amp;lt; 0.001]. Discussion Accurate detection of actual foot strike by endurance runners varies by the actual foot strike type determined during testing and is associated shoe characteristics. These findings demonstrate the importance of accurately identifying foot strike pattern and recommending footwear as a factor if planning to use retraining to alter foot strike pattern.

Heather K. Vincent

Kyle Coffey

Aiden Villasuso

Kevin R. Vincent

Sharareh Sharififar

Lydia Pezzullo

Ryan M. Nixon

Accuracy of self-reported foot strike pattern detection among endurance runners

耐力跑者自我报告着地模式检测的准确性

Objectives To conduct a systematic review to determine the acute and chronic effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients on cardiac autonomic function, glucose variability, inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, hemodynamic variables, and exercise capacity. Methods A search was carried out according to a specific search strategy, following the PRISMA statement, and three independent reviewers have undertaken the article selection process. Searches were carried out in June 2023, on the following electronic databases: EMBASE, MEDLINE (PubMed), SCOPUS (Elsevier), and Web of Science. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. The search was limited to English-language, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), involving T2DM patients (&amp;gt;18 years old, with or without autonomic neuropathy, and/or inspiratory muscle weakness) following an acute or chronic intervention protocol based on IMT. Exclusion criteria were reviews, clinical trials, case studies, theses, dissertations, scientific conference abstracts, subjects with other chronic respiratory/neurological/cardiovascular diseases, and studies addressing other breathing exercises. Results The search strategy identified 1,352 studies, of which eight (two involving acute and six involving chronic IMT effects) were included. A total of 214 adults aged 52–63 years (51/49 male/female ratio), with BMI ranging from 27 to 36.8 kg/m², were included. The results demonstrated that after IMT, acute effects were reported, such as reduced glucose levels and an increase in the parasympathetic pathway, but also chronic effects including improved inspiratory muscle strength, endurance, and exercise capacity. Conclusion Although some methodological differences among the studies were found, IMT may have beneficial effects on cardiac autonomic function, glucose level control, inspiratory muscle strength/endurance as well as exercise capacity. However, further studies are necessary to confirm these benefits.

Zoé Breuil-Marsal

Clémence Godek

Amandine Lotti

Patrick Feiereisen

Isabela Roque Marçal

Patricia Rehder-Santos

Juliana Cristina Milan-Mattos

Raphael Martins de Abreu

Acute and chronic effects of inspiratory muscle training in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

2型糖尿病患者吸气肌训练的急性与慢性效应：随机对照试验的系统综述

Abbreviation	Front. Sports Act. Living
Journal Impact	2.16
Quartiles(Global)	SPORT SCIENCES(Q2)

ISSN	2624-9367
h-index	21

Publication Information	Publisher: Frontiers Media SA，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: Yes
Basic data	Year of publication: 2019，Proportion of original research papers: 88.40%，Self Citation Rate:8.70%， Gold OA Rate: 99.11%
Journal Fees	$2125Details
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：15 Weeks

Frontiers in Sports and Active Living

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