Frontiers in Climate

Interactions are diagnosed between a marine heatwave (MHW) event and tropical super cyclone Amphan in the Bay of Bengal. In May 2020, an MHW developed in the Bay of Bengal driven by coupled ocean-atmosphere processes which included shoaling of the mixed layer depth due to reduced wind speed, increased net surface shortwave radiation flux into the ocean, increased upper ocean stratification, and increased sub-surface warming. Ocean temperature, rather than salinity, dominated the stratification that contributed to the MHW development and the subsurface ocean warming that also increased tropical cyclone heat potential. The presence of this strong MHW with sea surface temperature anomalies &amp;gt;2.5°C in the western Bay of Bengal coincided with the cyclone track and facilitated the rapid intensification of tropical cyclone Amphan to a super cyclone in just 24 h. This rapid intensification of a short-lived tropical cyclone, with a lifespan of 5 days over the ocean, is unprecedented in the Bay of Bengal during the pre-monsoon period (March-May). As the cyclone approached landfall in northern India, the wind-induced mixing deepened the mixed layer, cooled the ocean's surface, and reduced sub-surface warming in the bay, resulting in the demise of the MHW. This study provides new perspectives on the interactions between MHWs and tropical cyclones that could aid in improving the current understanding of compound extreme events that have severe socio-economic consequences in affected countries.

Saurabh Rathore

Rishav Goyal

Babita Jangir

Caroline C. Ummenhofer

Ming Feng

Mayank Mishra

Interactions Between a Marine Heatwave and Tropical Cyclone Amphan in the Bay of Bengal in 2020

2020年孟加拉湾海洋热浪与热带气旋安攀的相互作用

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most frequent causes of death among infectious diseases worldwide. There is a growing concern about weather impacts on CAP. However, no studies have examined the effects of comorbidities and personal characteristics alongside the twofold impact of weather conditions (meteorological and air quality) on CAP. Our study investigates how personal characteristics (age, sex, and BMI) and comorbidities (asthma, chronic heart disease, COPD, diabetes, heart insufficiency, smoking, and tumor) and care influence the twofold compound impact of weather on CAP admissions. We match medical data from a German multicentre cohort of 10,660 CAP patients with daily regional weather data, using logistic regressions to calculate the “Pneumonia Risk Increase Factor” (PRIF). This factor quantifies the heightened risk of CAP admissions due to weather conditions. We demonstrate that individuals with specific personal characteristics and those with comorbidities are more susceptible to weather impacts in the context of CAP than their counterparts. People with COPD have a PRIF of 5.28, followed by people in care (5.23) and people with a high BMI (4.02). Air pollutants, particularly CO and PM 2.5 , play a significant role in increasing CAP hospitalizations. For meteorological conditions, air pressure and lower temperatures, combined with air pollutants, lead to high PRIFs. Our findings emphasize the increased weather vulnerability of old, high BMI, and males and people with comorbidities. This provides invaluable information to support at-risk individuals through protective measures and provides healthcare providers as well as health policymakers with insights for resource planning before and during pneumonia-contributing weather conditions.

Thomas Brenner

Ann-Christine Link

Saeed A. Khan

Christoph Reudenbach

Joerg Bendix

Max Kutzinski

Barbara C. Weckler

Hendrik Pott

Jan Rupp

Martin Witzenrath

Gernot Rohde

Mathias W. Pletz

Wilhelm Bertrams

Bernd Schmeck

Impact of comorbidities and personal characteristics on weather-related risk for community-acquired pneumonia

共病和个人特征对社区获得性肺炎天气相关风险的影响

Paleoclimate information has played an instrumental role in showing how fast climate can vary and how large these changes can be. It provided the first vivid demonstration of the relationships between atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and surface air temperatures, as well as striking representations of climate change impacts and possible feedbacks within the climate system, such as those associated with vegetation or ice sheet changes. Here, a short review of recent advances in paleoclimate studies is provided, with the objective of showing what this information on past climates and environments can bring to research on current and possible future climates. We advocate that (1) paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental information can be leveraged for narratives about climate change, in particular at the local and regional levels, (2) paleoclimate data is essential for out-of-range tests of climate models, since future climates are also out of the range of recent climate information used for calibrating climate models, (3) paleoclimate data, in particular for the last millennia, is essential for taking multi-centennial and multi-millennial variability into account when describing trends related to anthropogenic forcings and attributing climate change signals, in particular for extreme and rare events, and (4) paleoclimates also provide extremely valuable information for initializing the slow components of climate models. In addition, we show how paleoclimate studies can be beneficial to put recent and future climate change into context and improve our knowledge on key processes. They can both benefit from and contribute to models and knowledge based on the study of recent and future climates.

Masa Kageyama

Pascale Braconnot

Cristiano M. Chiessi

Kira Rehfeld

Yassine Ait Brahim

Marina Dütsch

Benjamin Gwinneth

Alicia Hou

Marie-France Loutre

Marfasran Hendrizan

Katrin Meissner

Precious Mongwe

Bette Otto-Bliesner

Luciano P. Pezzi

Alessio Rovere

Alan Seltzer

Louise Sime

Jiang Zhu

Lessons from paleoclimates for recent and future climate change: opportunities and insights

古气候对近期及未来气候变化的启示：机遇与洞见

Skilful monsoon onset forecasts are highly sought after in West Africa, due to the importance of monsoon onset for supporting agriculture, disease prevalence and energy provision. With the sub-seasonal timescale bridging the gap between weather and seasonal forecasts, sub-seasonal forecasts have the potential to provide useful decision-making information about the onset of the monsoon rainfall. This study explores sub-seasonal monsoon onset forecasts over Ghana using the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) operational ensemble prediction systems. Three commonly used methods for defining monsoon onset are compared, and the benefits, challenges, and potential of real-time, sub-seasonal onset forecasting using these methods are examined. Monsoon onset forecasting at sub-seasonal timescales, and associated decision-making with shorter-term information can be challenging due to the typically single occurrence of rainfall onset within a season. Sub-seasonal forecasts of monsoon onset are shown to be particularly useful for confirming onset occurrence, at least 1–2 weeks earlier than when observations are used. Earlier confirmation of monsoon onset provided by sub-seasonal forecasts, has the potential for earlier decision-making and action that would positively impact sectors such as agriculture.

Elisabeth M. Thompson

Caroline M. Wainwright

Linda C. Hirons

Steven J. Woolnough

Practical application of real-time sub-seasonal monsoon onset forecasting and monitoring for decision-making

实时次季节性季风开始预报与监测在决策中的实际应用

As the global community intensifies efforts to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions, active carbon dioxide removal (CDR) is being planned alongside emission reductions. The open ocean, which already absorbs a substantial portion of anthropogenic carbon dioxide, is increasingly seen as a promising site for various types of marine CDR (mCDR). All of these approaches are in the preliminary stages of development, and many questions remain with regard to their assessment and governance. This paper discusses the potential role of the newly established Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement) in assessing and governing mCDR. A step-by-step mapping of the various stages of the BBNJ environmental impact assessment process shows that the new Clearing House Mechanism (CHM) could facilitate knowledge pluralism and contribute to the holistic assessment of mCDR proposals. The paper concludes by identifying challenges in operationalizing the CHM and putting forward recommendations to strengthen its capacity for fostering knowledge pluralism in decision-making on mCDR research and implementation.

Miranda Boettcher

Kerryn Brent

The potential of the BBNJ clearing house mechanism to enhance knowledge pluralism in marine carbon dioxide removal assessment

BBNJ信息交换机制在增强海洋二氧化碳移除评估中知识多元化的潜力

Ethiopia’s vulnerability to climate change is exacerbated by high poverty rates, rapid population growth, increasing prevalence of vector-borne diseases, and heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture. This narrative review aims to compile existing data on the impacts of climate extremes on the physical environment, public health, and livelihoods in Ethiopia, thereby highlighting the significance of this region for such a study. Data were sourced from peer-reviewed journal articles from databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, as well as reports and other unpublished documents. Results show that Ethiopia is facing increasing frequency, severity, duration, and timing of climate-related extreme events. Key challenges include environmental degradation, reduced crop yields, recurring floods, droughts, famines, increased heat waves, and spread of infectious diseases. Average daily rainfall is projected to decrease from 2.04 mm (1961–1990) to 1.97 mm (2070–2099), indicating a worsening climate trend. Moreover, the average annual temperature has risen by 1.3°C since 1960, at a rate of 0.28°C per decade. Flood records indicate a sharp rise, with 274 flood incidents recorded in 2020, causing extensive damage, including an annual soil loss of 1 billion tons in the Ethiopian highlands, reducing land productivity by 2.2% annually. Droughts from 1964 to 2023 affected 96.5 million people, reduced GDP by 4%, decreased agricultural output by 12%, and increased inflation rates by 15%. The regions of Afar, Somali, Gambella, and Benshangul Gumuz exhibit extreme vulnerability to health impacts due to rising temperatures. Addressing climate extremes is critical to mitigate their adverse effects on Ethiopia’s environment, public health, and livelihoods.

Degfie Teku

Sintayehu Eshetu

Impact of climatic variabilities and extreme incidences on the physical environment, public health, and people’s livelihoods in Ethiopia

气候变异和极端事件对埃塞俄比亚自然环境、公共卫生和人民生计的影响

Abbreviation	Front. Clim.
Journal Impact	3.17
Quartiles(Global)	ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES(Q2)

ISSN	2624-9553
h-index	25

Publication Information	Publisher: Frontiers Media SA，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: Yes
Basic data	Year of publication: 2019，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:6.10%， Gold OA Rate: 99.24%
Journal Fees	$2125Details
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：15 Weeks

Frontiers in Climate

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Interactions Between a Marine Heatwave and Tropical Cyclone Amphan in the Bay of Bengal in 2020

Impact of comorbidities and personal characteristics on weather-related risk for community-acquired pneumonia

Lessons from paleoclimates for recent and future climate change: opportunities and insights

Practical application of real-time sub-seasonal monsoon onset forecasting and monitoring for decision-making

The potential of the BBNJ clearing house mechanism to enhance knowledge pluralism in marine carbon dioxide removal assessment

The potential of the BBNJ clearing house mechanism to enhance knowledge pluralism in marine carbon dioxide removal assessment

Impact of climatic variabilities and extreme incidences on the physical environment, public health, and people’s livelihoods in Ethiopia

Practical application of real-time sub-seasonal monsoon onset forecasting and monitoring for decision-making

Impact of comorbidities and personal characteristics on weather-related risk for community-acquired pneumonia

Lessons from paleoclimates for recent and future climate change: opportunities and insights