Analysis and Sensing

Abstract This review delves into the titanic research efforts carried out during the last years on affinity‐based wearable electrochemical biosensors, using both natural (antibodies) and biomimetic (aptamers, peptides and molecular imprinted polymers) receptors. The rationale and application of selected representative strategies is critically discussed, ending with realistic and futuristic visions of the technical barriers, challenges and prospects in the development and adoption of these biodevices in daily routines to ensure well‐being against known, unknown and unexpected threats.

Susana Campuzano

María Pedrero

Rebeca M. Torrente‐Rodríguez

José M. Pingarrón

Analysis & Sensing

Affinity‐Based Wearable Electrochemical Biosensors: Natural versus Biomimetic Receptors

基于亲和力的可穿戴电化学生物传感器：天然受体与仿生受体

Carbon nano‐onions (CNOs) promise to improve the range of applications of carbon materials for electroanalytical applications. In this review we explore the synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical applications of CNOs. CNOs‐based sensors present impressive features, including low detection limits in the femtogram per milliliter range, a wide linear detection range spanning up to 7 orders of magnitude, exceptional selectivity, reproducibility, and stability. Synthetic methods and characterization techniques for CNOs were thoroughly examined, shedding light on their pivotal role in biosensing technologies. Comparative analyses with other carbon materials underscore CNOs' competitive performance, either surpassing or matching many counterparts. Despite their relatively recent integration in biosensing applications, CNOs exhibit comparable or superior results concerning other carbon‐based materials. Indeed, the incorporation of CNOs into hybrid nanocomposites have shown promising outcomes, indicating a synergistic potential for future advancements in biosensing technologies. Our review provides a broad approach of the application of CNOs to the field, with emphasis in breakthroughs of the last 5 years.

Hector Daniel Almeida Gonzalez

Janser Hernandez Ojeda

Angel Luis Corcho-Valdes

Ivan Padron-Ramirez

Marina Perez Cruz

Claudia Iriarte-Mesa

Pierangelo Gobbo

Luis Felipe Desdin-Garcia

Manuel Antuch

The Promise of Carbon Nano‐Onions: Preparation, Characterization and their Application in Electrochemical Sensing

碳纳米洋葱的潜力：制备、表征及其在电化学传感中的应用

Type‐2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing global health crisis, with over 90% of diabetes cases attributed to this condition. Misfolding and aggregation of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is a hallmark of early T2D, contributing to pancreatic β‐cell dysfunction. While significant progress has been made in developing sensors for amyloids implicated in neurodegeneration, fluorescent probes for detecting IAPP aggregates remain limited. We report a series of flavonoid derivatives designed for enhanced IAPP fibril detection. The probes feature modifications, including methoxy substitution at C7 and varying amines at C4, which enhance their binding affinity for IAPP fibrils compared to the widely used Thioflavin T (ThT). The leading probes, F4 and MF1, exhibited over 10‐fold increased binding affinity compared to ThT, alongside ratiometric fluorescence due to excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer. F4 and MF1 were applied to image IAPP aggregates in pancreatic β‐cells and zebrafish tissue sections, where both probes demonstrated specific imaging of IAPP fibrils. These probes also demonstrated reduced fluorescence when IAPP monomers were incubated with inhibitors, indicating fibril disassembly. Our results position F4 and MF1 as promising tools for exploring the pathological role of IAPP aggregation in diabetes and for high‐throughput screening of IAPP aggregation inhibitors.

Zijie Luo

Yijia Xu

Jiayi Fan

Isabel E. Lean

Thomas P. Davis

Ibrahim Javed

Amandeep Kaur

Flavonoid‐Derived Probes for the Detection of Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Aggregates

用于检测胰岛淀粉样多肽聚集体的黄酮类衍生物探针

The full 2D tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data domain provides a rapid survey of the chemical components of complex plant extracts without subjecting them to prior chromatographic separation. Nano electrospray ionization (nESI), desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) and paper spray ionization are used to create an ion mixture representative of the chemical constituents of a plant extract, then mass‐selective collision‐induced dissociation (CID) is used to automatically record fragments from each precursor ion in the mixture. Signal extraction from the 2D data domain yields matching spectra to conventional product and precursor ion scans and displays distributions of compounds bearing a chosen functionality. These features and other manipulations of the 2D MS/MS data are demonstrated using crude extracts of Artemisia annua (Sweet wormwood). Similarities and differences in the secondary metabolites of plant species are established rapidly by inspection of the 2D MS/MS plots. The methodology is characterized by the high speed of data acquisition while the limited mass resolution still allows high speed snapshots of chemistry.

Thomas C. Sams

Sam E. Ying

Myles Q. Edwards

Eric T. Dziekonski

R Graham Cooks

Rapid Screening of Secondary Plant Metabolites using Two‐Dimensional Tandem Mass Spectrometry

利用二维串联质谱快速筛选次生植物代谢物

The SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 pandemic continue to demand effective diagnostic and therapeutic solutions. Finding these solutions requires highly functional molecular recognition elements. Nucleic acid aptamers represent a possible solution. Characterized by their high affinity and specificity, aptamers can be rapidly identified from random-sequence nucleic acid libraries. Over the past two years, many labs around the world have rushed to create diverse aptamers that target two important structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2: the spike (S) protein and nucleocapsid (N) protein. These have led to the identification of many aptamers that show real promise for the development of diagnostic tests and therapeutic agents for SARS-CoV-2. Herein we review all these developments, with a special focus on the development of diverse aptasensors for detecting SARS-CoV-2. These include electrochemical and optical sensors, lateral flow devices, and aptamer-linked immobilized sorbent assays.

Ryan Amini

Zijie Zhang

Jiuxing Li

Jimmy Gu

John D. Brennan

Yingfu Li

Aptamers for SARS‐CoV‐2: Isolation, Characterization, and Diagnostic and Therapeutic Developments

SARS‐CoV‐2适配体：分离、表征及诊断与治疗进展

The construction of fluorescence sensor L1 for cyanazine (CNZ) by using calix[4]arene scaffold allied with 9‐Aminoacridine moiety has been reported. The recognized triazine herbicide CNZ decreased the fluorescence intensity of L1 by exhibiting “turn‐off” phenomenon having detection limit to be 7.79 µM obtained from emission study. The quenching response of L1: CNZ was observed between the range of 5 – 105 µM possessing binding constant calculated to be 9.201 × 106 M‐1. The spiking experiment of CNZ into L1 has also been performed to evaluate potency of L1 using vegetables and cereals. Also, a paper‐based device has been prepared in order to implement this strategy for on‐spot monitoring of CNZ. The L1:CNZ binding has been confirmed by conducting electrochemical studies like cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, 1H NMR, FT – IR, MALDI‐ TOF, PXRD investigation and computational analysis.

Heni Soni

Malvika Shukla

Divyesh Chaudhari

Sahaj Gandhi

Alok Pandya

Pinkeshkumar Gopalbhai Sutariya

Unveiling interference‐free acridine‐calix[4]arene‐based fluorescence paper and electrochemical sensor for cyanazine from agricultural produces

揭示基于吖啶-杯[4]芳烃的无干扰荧光纸和电化学传感器用于检测农产品中的莠去津

Kanamycin A is a widely used antibiotic, although it has a narrow therapeutic window demanding highly accurate monitoring. The sensing of kanamycin A using aptamers is of great interest since aptamers can be used for continuous monitoring with a rapid response. While kanamycin has been the target for at least four previous aptamer selections, the binding affinities of the reported DNA aptamers are still sub‐optimal. All the previous aptamer selections were performed at pH 7.5 or higher. Given that kanamycin A has four amino groups with pKa values close to 7, we herein selected DNA aptamers for kanamycin A at both pH 6 and pH 8. The selection at pH 6 enriched aptamers although the pH 8 selection library remained highly diverse in the end. The best aptamer named KAN6‐1 showed a dissociation constant of around 320 nM measured using isothermal titration calorimetry in the selection buffer. In buffers without salt, binding can happen from pH 6 to 8. Specific binding was confirmed using mutation studies. A strand displacement assay was developed with a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 nM in buffer. Similar LOD values were also obtained in lake water and in 10% human serum. Comparisons were also made with some previously reported DNA aptamers. This study shows the importance of pH value on the selection of aptamers and provides a new aptamer for kanamycin A detection.

Yichen Zhao

Juewen Liu

pH‐Directed Capture‐SELEX for Nanomolar Affinity Aptamers for Kanamycin Detection

pH引导的捕获-SELEX用于纳米摩尔亲和力卡那霉素检测适配体的研究

Nano biosensors based on MXenes have been growing intensively and emerging as a promising tool in the detection of biomarkers, for the discrimination of diseases and in the detection of environmental pollutants. Their potential in sensing applications has also drawn a lot of attention to their unique qualities such as their high conductivity, huge surface area, outstanding hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and simplicity of surface functionalization. The development of scalable synthesis techniques is essential to the large‐scale manufacturing and broad application of MXene‐based sensors. Furthermore, the stability of the MXene layers in diverse environmental circumstances continues to be a difficulty for their practical application. To increase the dependability and precision of MXene‐based sensors, their selectivity must be increased through functionalization and tuning. With innovative technologies like machine learning, MXene biosensor is now taken advantage of new opportunities. Personalized healthcare solutions, remote data analysis, and real‐time monitoring are all possible when MXene sensors and AI algorithms work together. Herein, the optical properties, synthesis approaches, role of MXene biosensors in machine learning, its significant challenges and future prospects of MXene‐based nano(bio)sensors are deliberated.

ATHULYA P M

Durgalakshmi Dhinasekaran

Ajay Rakkesh Rajendran

Titanium MXene: A Promising Material for Next‐Generation Optical Biosensors and Machine Learning Integration

钛基MXene：下一代光学生物传感器与机器学习集成的有前景材料

Abbreviation
Journal Impact	3.36
Quartiles(Global)	NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLOGY(Q3)

Publication Information	Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2021，Proportion of original research papers: ，Self Citation Rate:， Gold OA Rate:

Analysis and Sensing

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Affinity‐Based Wearable Electrochemical Biosensors: Natural versus Biomimetic Receptors

The Promise of Carbon Nano‐Onions: Preparation, Characterization and their Application in Electrochemical Sensing

Flavonoid‐Derived Probes for the Detection of Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Aggregates

Rapid Screening of Secondary Plant Metabolites using Two‐Dimensional Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Aptamers for SARS‐CoV‐2: Isolation, Characterization, and Diagnostic and Therapeutic Developments

Flavonoid‐Derived Probes for the Detection of Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Aggregates

Rapid Screening of Secondary Plant Metabolites using Two‐Dimensional Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Unveiling interference‐free acridine‐calix[4]arene‐based fluorescence paper and electrochemical sensor for cyanazine from agricultural produces

pH‐Directed Capture‐SELEX for Nanomolar Affinity Aptamers for Kanamycin Detection

Titanium MXene: A Promising Material for Next‐Generation Optical Biosensors and Machine Learning Integration