Fuels

Numerous studies have examined the feasibility of using microalgae as a long-term source of biofuel. This helped us to determine how different amounts of phosphorus changed the growth of lipids in Scenedesmus subspicatus, a freshwater microalga. This study examined the effects of various phosphorus concentrations on the biochemical makeup of algae, particularly the production of proteins and carbohydrates. When there was insufficient phosphorus, the investigation observed a significant increase in lipids and productivity of S. subspicatus. Additionally, gas chromatography was used to examine the fatty acid profiles of the green algae thoroughly. When Scenedesmus species were tested at different cell densities, the highest amount of chlorophyll was found to be 0.89 mg/L. The amounts of fatty acids in algae grown with 0.4 and 0.04 P of phosphorus were strongly correlated, as shown by the Pearson linear correlation coefficients. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that the major saturated fatty acids were stearic acid (C18:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0). In addition, confirming the presence of several unsaturated fatty acids (C16:3, C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3) has helped us learn more about S. subspicatus’s complex lipid profile of S. subspicatus and how well it can be used to produce biofuels.

Huda A. Qari

Majed Ahmed Al-Shaeri

Mohammad Oves

Effect of Phosphorus Deprivation on Fatty Acid Synthesis in Scenedesmus subspicatus Microalgae from Rostherne Mere

磷剥夺对Rostherne Mere中栅藻脂肪酸合成的影响

The aim of this study is to predict the ash fusion temperatures of the lignite ash produced in Western Macedonia, Greece, by their composition. The lignite mined in northwest Greece feeds the power plants of Agios Dimitrios, Kardia, Ptolemais, Amyntaio, and Meliti. An extensive number of samples, which were collected by the feeders of power plants during a 10-year period, were investigated. All lignite ashes were mineralogical and chemically quantitatively analyzed by XRD and XRF, respectively. Using a heating microscope, the ash fusion temperatures of the ashes were identified. According to their chemical composition, ashes can be characterized as calcareous. Indices based on the chemical composition showed that, qualitatively, the tendencies of slagging and/or fouling were found to vary mainly between medium to high. For a quantitative estimation, correlations were identified between the quantitative mineralogical composition and the ash fusion temperatures using regression analysis. The whole study focused on creating a model for the prediction of lignite behavior during combustion in power plants. The finest models achieved a mean adjusted regression coefficient of around 0.87, while the accuracy, according to root mean square errors, was less than 40 °C.

Antonios Stratakis

Prediction of Lignite Ash Melting Behavior from Northwest Greece Based on Its Mineralogical Composition

基于矿物学成分的希腊西北部褐煤灰熔融行为预测

High-temperature fermentation (HTF) of ethanol can reduce costs of cooling, sterilization, and related equipment compared to the costs of general ethanol fermentation. To realize HTF, however, there are various issues to be considered, such as the fermentation temperature upper limit for ethanol-producing thermotolerant yeast, the size of a fermenter that does not require cooling, and the effective temperature for suppressing microbial contamination. This study focused on these issues and also on downstream processes that exploit the advantages of HTF at temperatures exceeding 40 °C. The permissible size of a fermenter without cooling was estimated by simulating heat generation and heat dissipation. Fermentation productivity at high temperatures when using the thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus and the inhibitory effect of high temperatures on the growth of contaminant microorganisms were examined. After fermentation, the recovery and concentration of ethanol were performed by reduced-pressure distillation (RPD) and membrane separation. These experiments demonstrate that efficient HTF can reduce the amount of saccharifying enzymes in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation and can shorten the transition time from the saccharification step to the fermentation step in separate saccharification and fermentation, that RPD at fermentation temperatures enables a smooth connection to the HTF step and can be performed with a relatively weak vacuum, and that membrane separation can reduce the running cost compared to the cost of general distillation on a compact scale.

Sornsiri Pattanakittivorakul

Izumi Kumakiri

Pumin Nutaratat

Marino Hara

Morihisa Yokota

Masayuki Murata

Tomoyuki Kosaka

Pornthap Thanonkeo

Savitree Limtong

Mamoru Yamada

High-Temperature Fermentation and Its Downstream Processes for Compact-Scale Bioethanol Production

高温发酵及其下游工艺用于紧凑型生物乙醇生产

The urgent need to address environmental issues associated with the use of conventional fossil fuels has driven the rapid evolution of the global energy landscape. This review explores the background and significance of 3-G biofuel production, emphasizing the shift towards sustainable alternatives amidst escalating greenhouse gas emissions. While various renewable energy sources have gained prominence, biofuels have emerged as a promising solution for the transportation and industrial sectors, particularly from microalgal biomass. The rationale for focusing on microalgal biomass is based on its technical and environmental advantages. Unlike traditional feedstocks, microalgae boast a high lipid content, enhancing biofuel production efficiency. Their rapid growth rates and efficient carbon dioxide sequestration make microalgae frontrunners in scalable and sustainable biofuel production. This review aims to comprehensively analyze recent breakthroughs in 3-G biofuel production from microalgal biomass, filling gaps in the existing literature. The topics covered included species diversity, cultivation techniques, harvesting, pretreatment, lipid extraction methods, and biofuel production pathways. Genetic engineering, downstream processing, energy-efficient practices, and emerging trends, such as artificial intelligence and cross-disciplinary collaboration, will be explored. This study aims to consolidate recent research findings, identify challenges and opportunities, and guide future directions in microalgal biomass-based biofuel production. By synthesizing unpublished research, this review seeks to advance our knowledge and provide insights for researchers to foster sustainable and efficient 3-G biofuel production.

Lavanyasri Rathinavel

Sukhendra Singh

Piyush Kant Rai

Neha Chandra

Deepika Jothinathan

Imran Gaffar

Ajay Kumar Pandey

Kamlesh Choure

Ashwini A. Waoo

Jeong Chan Joo

Ashutosh Pandey

Sustainable Microalgal Biomass for Efficient and Scalable Green Energy Solutions: Fueling Tomorrow

可持续微藻生物质用于高效可扩展的绿色能源解决方案：为未来加油

Aviation is of crucial importance for the transportation sector and fundamental for the economy as it facilitates trade and private travel. Nonetheless, this sector is responsible for a great amount of global carbon dioxide emissions, exceeding 920 million tonnes annually. Alternative energy fuels (AEFs) can be considered as a promising solution to tackle this issue, with the potential to lower greenhouse gas emissions and reduce reliance on fossil fuels in the aviation industry. A life cycle analysis is performed considering an aircraft running on conventional jet fuel and various alternative fuels (biojet, methanol and DME), including hydrogen and ammonia. The comparative assessment investigates different fuel production pathways, including the following: JETA-1 and biojet fuels via hydrotreated esters and fatty acids (HEFAs), as well as hydrogen and ammonia employing water electrolysis using wind and solar photovoltaic collectors. The outputs of the assessment are quantified in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions, acidification, eutrophication, eco-toxicity, human toxicity and carcinogens. The life cycle phases included the following: (i) the construction, maintenance and disposal of airports; (ii) the operation and maintenance of aircrafts; and (iii) the production, transportation and utilisation of aviation fuel in aircrafts. The results suggest that hydrogen is a more environmentally benign alternative compared to JETA-1, biojet fuel, methanol, DME and ammonia.

Evanthia A. Nanaki

Spyros Kiartzis

Sustainability Assessment of Alternative Energy Fuels for Aircrafts—A Life Cycle Analysis Approach

飞机替代能源燃料的可持续性评估——生命周期分析方法

A single planar hydraulic fracture is typically the primary component used to simulate hydraulic fracturing stimulation in conventional reservoirs. However, in ultra-low-permeability shale reservoirs, a large system of fracture networks must be generated to produce hydrocarbons economically. Therefore, traditional modeling approaches centered on single planar fractures are inadequate for accurately representing the intricate geometry and behavior of fractures in these reservoirs. In previous works, 2D fractal fracture networks (FFNs) have been used to generate sets of hydraulic and natural fractures based on microseismic event (MSE) data. Since microseismic data are retrieved in 3D space, the aforementioned model cannot accurately represent induced fracture properties. The objective of this paper is to study in detail the recently developed 2D FFN model and propose a novel solution by expanding the previous model to accommodate real 3D microseismic data. First, the definitions of the 2D FFN model are described, and associated calibration mechanisms are proposed. Next, the 3D FFN model and its calibration system are demonstrated. While the novel 3D calibration solution utilizes an identical matching concept to the 2D methodology, the residual distances between the nodes and the MSE are calculated in 3D spaces. Finally, a set of real microseismic data are used to calibrate the generation of 3D fractals using the proposed workflow. The interactions between microseismicity and fractured reservoir dynamics are represented through the integration of fractal fracture models and microseismic data. This work contributes to advancing the current understanding of hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirs and provides a valuable framework for improving fracture modeling’s accuracy in reservoir engineering applications.

Tri Pham

Tan Bui-Thanh

Quoc Nguyen

Microseismicity-Based Modelling of Induced Fracture Networks in Unconventional Reservoirs

基于微震监测的非常规储层诱发裂缝网络建模

Abbreviation
Journal Impact	2.71
Quartiles(Global)	ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL(Q3)

Publication Information	Publisher: MDPI AG，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: Yes
Basic data	Year of publication: 2020，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:3.70%， Gold OA Rate: 100.00%
Journal Fees	$Details
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：7 Weeks

Fuels

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Effect of Phosphorus Deprivation on Fatty Acid Synthesis in Scenedesmus subspicatus Microalgae from Rostherne Mere

Prediction of Lignite Ash Melting Behavior from Northwest Greece Based on Its Mineralogical Composition

High-Temperature Fermentation and Its Downstream Processes for Compact-Scale Bioethanol Production

Sustainable Microalgal Biomass for Efficient and Scalable Green Energy Solutions: Fueling Tomorrow

Sustainability Assessment of Alternative Energy Fuels for Aircrafts—A Life Cycle Analysis Approach

Effect of Phosphorus Deprivation on Fatty Acid Synthesis in Scenedesmus subspicatus Microalgae from Rostherne Mere

Prediction of Lignite Ash Melting Behavior from Northwest Greece Based on Its Mineralogical Composition

Sustainable Microalgal Biomass for Efficient and Scalable Green Energy Solutions: Fueling Tomorrow

High-Temperature Fermentation and Its Downstream Processes for Compact-Scale Bioethanol Production

Microseismicity-Based Modelling of Induced Fracture Networks in Unconventional Reservoirs