German Journal of Veterinary Research

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) presents a significant threat to global poultry, affecting trade and consumer trust. This analysis focuses on Brazil's preventive measures against HPAI to uphold its disease-free status recognized by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). As of September 19th, 2023, Brazil confirmed 106 HPAI outbreaks, primarily in wild birds, with a few in backyard chickens. Despite most incidents occurring along the coast, a notable outbreak in Bonito-MS underlines the necessity for ongoing vigilance in key poultry regions. Brazil's HPAI prevention framework, initiated with the 1994 National Poultry Health Plan, has continually evolved. High biosecurity measures are emphasized in stringent regulations, surveillance, and rapid response strategies. The nation's vertically integrated poultry model supports centralized control, traceability, and consistent quality, fostering swift corrective actions and biosecurity guidelines. The private sector's commitment complements these efforts, often exceeding government regulations with rigorous biosecurity practices, highlighting Brazil's holistic approach to safeguarding its poultry sector from HPAI threats.

Ricardo H. Rauber

Avian influenza and the Brazilian poultry production: Current situation and prevention strategies

禽流感与巴西家禽生产：现状与预防策略

Small ruminants have a docile temperament and are typically operated under local or regional analgesia. In goats, lumbosacral anesthesia is the most commonly used regional anesthesia. This investigation aimed to evaluate the epidural anesthetic effects of lidocaine-medetomidine (LID-MED) and lidocaine-tramadol (LID-TRM) combinations in relation to cardiopulmonary effects. An experiment using a cross-over design was conducted on eight goats. The first group (LID-MED) was injected with lidocaine hydrochloride and medetomidine hydrochloride. The second group (LID-TRM) was injected with lidocaine hydrochloride and tramadol hydrochloride. The onset of analgesia, recumbency time, and standing time were recorded once, while scores were recorded periodically. Locomotor and anti-nociception scores were evaluated at baseline, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes (min) post-anesthesia. Similarly, cardiorespiratory values were also recorded at the same intervals in each group. In the LID-MED receiving group, analgesia and recumbency onset were earlier, with a longer recumbency period. The LID-MED group showed a significant loss of sensation in all examined regions. The locomotor score revealed hind limb paralysis for 90 min in the LID-TRM group, while it continued for 120 min in the LID-MED group. In both LID-TRM and LID-MED groups, there was significant hypothermia; however, bradycardia was noticed in the LID-MED group from 5 min post-injection. Respiratory depression was also detected in the LID-MED group. The study revealed that lumbosacral epidural anesthesia using LID-TRM co-infusion produces reasonable and short duration (60 min) analgesia. In contrast, epidural lumbosacral injection of LID-MED co-infusion produces a longer duration of analgesia and recumbency.

Fatimah T. Al-Ali

Adel I. Almubarak

Mohamed Marzok

Wael M. El-Deeb

Sayed F. El-Hawari

Evaluation of the antinociceptive effect of lidocaine- tramadol and lidocaine- medetomidine lumbosacral epidural anesthesia: A cross-over comparative study in goats

利多卡因-曲马多和利多卡因-美托咪定腰骶部硬膜外麻醉的镇痛效果评估：山羊交叉对照研究

Salmonellosis is an important zoonotic disease of chickens that poses a serious threat to the poultry industry in developing countries, especially in Egypt. This study aimed to isolate and identify Salmonella (S.) from commercial broiler chickens, in addition to serological and molecular evaluation of the immunocompromising effect of S. Enteritidis. Out of 246 samples collected from broiler chicken farms, the prevalence of Salmonella was 4.1% (8/192), 6.4% (2/31), (0/7), (0/7), (0/5), and (0/4) in the cecum, liver, gallbladder, air sacs, spleen, and pericardium samples, respectively. Those ten isolates were obtained from 88 broiler flocks, representing 11.36% (10/88), and all were characterized as S. Enteritidis (1,9,12:g,m). Their in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high resistance (100%) to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, streptomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, doxycycline, fosfomycin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. All S. Enteritidis isolates carried three virulence genes, i.e., invA, sefA, and fimH, while stn was detected in 7 isolates. Additionally, all isolates harbored Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing (blaTEM ) and sul1 antimicrobial resistance genes. Following experimental infection with an S. Enteritidis isolate in broilers at seven days old and routine vaccinations using an inactivated and live LaSota, Newcastle vaccines, severe immunocompromising effects were observed in terms of antibody response to vaccination, as well as several immune mediators such as nitric oxide, lysozyme, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 as well as phagocytic count. In conclusion, S. Enteritidis carrying several virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes was characterized from cecal and liver samples collected from different broiler flocks. Infection with S. Enteritidis induced a prolonged inflammatory response and negatively affected the broilers’ immune response to Newcastle disease vaccination.

Ismail A. Raheel

Ahmed H. Abed

Marwa M. Mahmoud

Ahmed R. Elbestawy

Mervat A. Abdel-Latif

Ahmed A. El-Shemy

Ahmed Orabi

Molecular characterization, antimicrobial sensitivity testing of Salmonella Enteritidis and its immune compromising effect on Newcastle disease vaccinated broilers

沙门氏菌肠炎沙门氏菌的分子特征、抗菌敏感性测试及其对新城疫疫苗接种肉鸡的免疫抑制作用

Lentiviruses infect small ruminants and cause similar but different two significant diseases: Maedi-Visna in sheep and Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis in goats. In the current study, 91 of 413 adult sheep and goats from the Korça region tested positive for small ruminant lentiviruses. Furthermore, 11 of the 25 small ruminant herds have at least one positive animal for small ruminant lentiviruses. The overall observed herd prevalence was 44.0% (95% CI: 29–59) for both diseases, 38.6% (95% CI: 18.6-55.1) for Maedi-Visna in sheep, and 66.7% (95% CI: 43.1-90.2) for Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis in goats. The average observed prevalence rate ranges from 20% to 82.9% (95% CI: 12–89.2) within positive goat’s herds, while within sheep-positive herds, it varies from 23.1% to 57.1% (95% CI: 11.7–70.4). There was a positive correlation between seroprevalence rate and animal species; goats seem to have an odd 2.36 (OR 95% CI: 1.48-3.76) higher than sheep to test positive in ELISA. Other risk factors, such as farm size, indoor versus outdoor rearing, and close farm biosecurity, may play a role in disease transmission between and within small ruminant animals’ herds. This is the first study on the prevalence of Maedi-Visna infection in sheep and one of the few published Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis studies in Albania. These findings support the presence of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) in the Korça district emphasize the need for monitoring and controlling SRLV infection in sheep and goats. According to the study’s conclusions, a yearly monitoring program is essential and must be developed in the future to keep the disease under control. This initiative aims to help owners understand SRLV and the need to raise seronegative animals

Postoli Rezart

Ozuni Enkeleida

Djadjovski Igor

Koni Anita

Çoçoli Sonila

Morava Kristi

Vasiliki Vera

Xhelil Koleci

Serological evidence of Maedi-Visna and Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis in sheep and goats in the Korça region in Albania

阿尔巴尼亚科尔察地区绵羊和山羊中梅迪-维斯纳病和山羊关节炎脑炎的血清学证据

Naltrexone was first developed in 1963 as an opioid antagonist for therapeutic use in opioid-dependent individuals (alcohol, narcotics, and tobacco) with a 50 mg/day dose approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In 1985, Dr. Bernard Bihari explained that when naltrexone is taken in very low doses (1-5 mg/day) before bedtime, it blocks opioid receptors for 2- 4 hours and leads to the release of endorphins in the early morning hours, serving as an opioid agonist and immunomodulatory agent. This extra endorphin secretion has been proven to enhance the immune system response in AIDS patients. Endogenous opioids that affect cell development are referred to as opioid growth factor (OGF) and met-enkephalin (ME). Low-dose-naltrexone (LDN) pharmacotherapeutically possesses immunomodulatory, anticarcinogenic, antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic, and antifungal properties. LDN also increases the production and sensitivity of OGF, ME, and OGF receptor (OGFr) in the bloodstream, thereby enhancing quality of life. Based on these pharmacotherapeutic properties, LDN application is believed to be effective in the treatment or prophylaxis of various infectious diseases in cats and dogs, particularly vasculitis-related diseases such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and infectious canine hepatitis (ICH), hypothyroidism, gastrointestinal disorders, spondylosis, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune diseases, pneumonia, atopic and allergic dermatitis, pyodermas, resistant pyodermas, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or various gastrointestinal disorders, alopecia, stubborn dermatomycosis, stubborn demodicosis, various geriatric and oncogenic diseases, and deep depressions or obsessive-compulsive disorders. Thus, this review aims to evaluate the pharmacotherapeutic properties of LDN therapy usage and mechanisms of action in detail and assess the potential indications in cats and dogs based on these mechanisms.

Reza G. MARANGALOO

Orhan PINAR

Tandzhu MEHMEDOV

Mehmet E. Or

Current pharmacotherapeutic properties of low-dose naltrexone therapy in humans and possible therapeutic and prophylactic indications in cats and dogs

低剂量纳曲酮疗法在人体中的当前药理特性及其在猫狗中可能的治疗和预防适应症

Babesiosis caused by Babesia ovis is a major threat to the livestock industry worldwide. In Pakistan, the Lohi sheep breed is an important economic resource, but limited information is available on the impact of B. ovis infection on this breed. This study aimed to investigate the serum electrolyte and trace element variations between B. ovis-infected and uninfected Lohi sheep from Pakistan. A total of 97 Lohi sheep was stratified based on the geographical distribution of Multan district, employing a multistage cluster sampling method. Blood and serum samples were collected from randomly selected sheep, and DNA extraction and PCR amplification were performed to detect B. ovis infection. Serum electrolyte and trace element levels were analyzed in infected (n=67) and uninfected (n=30) groups, stratified by age and gender. The study revealed a 69.07% overall infection rate of B. ovis in Lohi sheep. Infected sheep showed significantly elevated serum copper levels (p&lt;0.0001), with no substantial differences observed in serum iron, sodium, potassium, and chloride levels. However, age-wise variance analysis revealed statistically significant variations in sodium and potassium levels (p&lt;0.0001 and p&lt;0.05, respectively). Notably, serum chloride levels differed between infected and uninfected females in individuals younger than two years (p&lt;0.05). Serum iron levels remained consistent across different age groups. Comparative analysis indicated a higher prevalence of electrolyte imbalances, such as hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hyperchloremia, and hypoferremia, in infected sheep compared to normal reference ranges, while instances of hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, and hyperferremia were less frequent. In conclusion, our study suggests that B. ovis infections could lead to alterations in serum electrolyte and trace element levels in Lohi sheep, emphasizing the importance of further research into the specific mechanisms driving these alterations to enhance disease management strategies tailored to this breed.

Muhammad Sajid

Syed Naqvi

Muhammad Marral

Mourad Ben Said

Mourad Said

Evaluating serum electrolyte and trace element variations between Babesia ovis-infected and uninfected Lohi sheep

评估巴贝斯虫感染与未感染的罗希羊血清电解质和微量元素变化

Cryopreservation refers to freezing cells or tissues at extremely low temperatures, allowing them to be stored for extended periods while maintaining viability. Cryopreserved bull semen has become an essential tool in cattle breeding programs and commercial cattle production systems. This review provides a detailed analysis of the current methods and challenges in preserving bull sperm using cryopreservation. We explore the effects of cryopreservation on sperm cells, the role of different cryoprotectants, as well as the progress made in the analysis of bull semen. It also highlights the impact of the freezing process on sperm morphology and functionality, emphasizing the importance of optimizing cryopreservation techniques to maintain sperm fertility and viability. The article underscores the significance of cryopreservation technology in cattle genetics and breeding and suggests future research to enhance cryopreservation techniques.

Mohammad A. Ibrahim

Bull sperm cryopreservation: An overview on the current status and future perspectives

公牛精子冷冻保存：当前状况与未来展望概述

Query fever (Q fever) or coxiellosis is a serious bacterial infection caused by Coxiella (C.) burnetii and affects various animals and humans. Clinically, Q fever ranges from various degrees of fever to abortion, either in infected animals or humans. Such infection is especially important in cattle and small ruminants industry, particularly sheep and goats. Thus, the current study aimed to recognize the prevalence of specific antibodies against C. burnetii in serum samples collected from sheep and goats in Sohag governorate, Upper Egypt, using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The overall seroprevalence was found against C. burnetii (25.6%; 56/219), subdivided as 22.8% (23/101) in sheep and 28% (33/118) in goats. Animals used for this study are representative of different small ruminants (sheep and goats), age (various ages), sexes (males and females), locations (different localities in Sohag governorate), physiological and pathological conditions, and many other factors related to animals, farm, and the environment. Female animals exhibited a higher rate of C. burnetii antibodies than males (p = 0.0637). Also, females in the dry period showed a higher seropositive rate than those pregnant females (p &lt; 0.0001). In addition, the breeding system was reported as a risk factor for infection because animals bred in smallholders demonstrated a lower prevalence rate than those reared in individual breeding (p= 0.010) and mass farming (p= 0.006). Clinical and biochemical variables were estimated to recognize the health impact of seropositivity. Seropositive animals exhibited marked alterations in the selected clinical parameters and alanine transaminase (ALT) compared to the seronegative ones. Determining the exact occurrence of Q fever in sheep and goats might assist in developing a control policy for this infection and thus improve the income of the small ruminants industry and protect humans from infection.

Mostafa M.M. Attia

Hassan Y.A.H. Mahmoud

Alsagher O. Ali

Ragab M. Fereig

Coxiella burnetiid seroprevalence, risk factors, and health hazards in sheep and goats in Upper Egypt

埃及上部地区绵羊和山羊中伯氏考克斯体血清阳性率、危险因素及健康危害

Brucellosis is a serious disease that affects both animals and humans. It is caused by consuming unpasteurized dairy products that are contaminated with the Brucella bacteria. To study the pathobiology of this disease and develop preventive strategies, researchers rely on in vivo and in vitro models. A systematic literature search was conducted in January 2024, which revealed 38 studies that used these models in the previous four years. Mice were the most commonly used model for studying the disease's virulence genes, immune responses, vaccination, and treatment testing. Out of the 38 articles discussing infection models in brucellae, 6 used only in vivo models, 9 used only in vitro models, and 24 used both models. In addition, there were 32 studies with in vitro experiments, most of which utilized macrophages to study intracellular survival mechanisms and host-pathogen interactions. The studies mainly focused on B. abortus, as it had a significant impact on public and livestock health. Both in vivo and in vitro models were used to understand comprehensive intracellular mechanisms, immune responses, and treatment evaluations. However, there were several challenges in using these models, such as ethical concerns and host pathogen-specific immune responses. While both models provided important insights, the final selection choice of the model mostly depended on the research objectives, pathogen type, and availability of resources. Nevertheless, validation and understanding of these models are important to predict responses in the natural hosts

Tariq Jamil

Sana Iqbal

Vassilios Sandalakis

Exploring in vivo and in vitro infection models in brucellosis research: A mini-review

布鲁氏菌病研究中的体内和体外感染模型探索：一篇小综述

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基本数据	创刊年份: 2021，原创研究文献占比: ，自引率:， Gold OA占比:

German Journal of Veterinary Research

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Avian influenza and the Brazilian poultry production: Current situation and prevention strategies

Evaluation of the antinociceptive effect of lidocaine- tramadol and lidocaine- medetomidine lumbosacral epidural anesthesia: A cross-over comparative study in goats

Molecular characterization, antimicrobial sensitivity testing of Salmonella Enteritidis and its immune compromising effect on Newcastle disease vaccinated broilers

Serological evidence of Maedi-Visna and Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis in sheep and goats in the Korça region in Albania

Current pharmacotherapeutic properties of low-dose naltrexone therapy in humans and possible therapeutic and prophylactic indications in cats and dogs

Evaluating serum electrolyte and trace element variations between Babesia ovis-infected and uninfected Lohi sheep

Current pharmacotherapeutic properties of low-dose naltrexone therapy in humans and possible therapeutic and prophylactic indications in cats and dogs

Bull sperm cryopreservation: An overview on the current status and future perspectives

Coxiella burnetiid seroprevalence, risk factors, and health hazards in sheep and goats in Upper Egypt

Exploring in vivo and in vitro infection models in brucellosis research: A mini-review

ISSN	2703-1322
h-index	7