Aqua Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society

ABSTRACT The deep tunnel storage system, mainly consisting of underground tunnels and dropshafts, is effective for dealing with urban waterlogging. A stepped dropshaft is suitable for the system to safely transport water to underground tunnels and efficiently release air carried by water. In this study, the air inflow discharge, air vent discharge, and air discharge into the underground tunnel are investigated experimentally. As the dimensionless water flow discharge increases to 0.56, the water flow successively forms the nappe flow, transition flow, and skimming flow regimes, the relative air inflow discharge decreases from 0.97 to 0.32, the relative air vent discharge decreases from 0.85 to 0.22, and the relative air discharge into the underground tunnel fluctuates below 0.20. The exhaust capacity (the ratio of the air vent discharge to the air inflow discharge) reaches a maximum of 0.87 at the threshold between the nappe flow and the transition flow. Influences of flow discharge, step height, step rotation angle, outlet diameter of the central exhaust pipe, and underground tunnel blockage on airflow characteristics are revealed. The prediction formulas for air inflow discharge, air vent discharge, and exhaust capacity are obtained with accuracies over 80%, providing a guide to the practical design and operation of stepped dropshafts.

Jingkang Sun

Zhaodan Fei

Shangtuo Qian

Jiangang Feng

Hui Xu

Jiachun Liu

Rui Zhang

AQUA - Water Infrastructure Ecosystems and Society

Airflow characteristics of the stepped dropshaft in the deep tunnel storage system

深隧储水系统中阶梯式跌水井的气流特性

Abstract Population growth and economic development, coupled with water pollution and the frequent occurrence of extreme weather, have led to a growing contradiction between water supply and demand in some regions. To address this challenge, rational and optimal allocation of regional water resources has emerged as a crucial approach. This study focuses on creating a comprehensive model for optimizing regional water resource allocation, taking into account social, economic, and ecological factors. In addition, three innovative modifications are introduced to the firefly algorithm (FA), resulting in the development of the improved firefly algorithm (IFA). The effectiveness of IFA is validated through experiments involving nine benchmark functions. The results highlight the improved search efficiency and convergence achieved by IFA compared to other intelligent algorithms. Moreover, the application of IFA in solving the water resource allocation challenge in Shannxi Province, China, for 2020 and 2021 demonstrates a reduction in the overall water shortage rate to 4.69 and 1.72%, at a 75% guarantee rate. This reduction in water shortages contributes to addressing future scarcities. The proposed allocation scheme offers comprehensive benefits and provides crucial technical support for water resource management. Ultimately, this study offers valuable insights and guidance for addressing the issue of water supply–demand disparities.

Zhiling Yang

Zhaocai Wang

Zhiyuan Yao

Xiaoguang Bao

Optimal allocation planning of regional water resources with multiple objectives using improved firefly algorithm

基于改进萤火虫算法的多目标区域水资源优化配置规划

ABSTRACT Drought significantly impacts the livelihoods of communities over extensive regions, with Ethiopia being particularly prone to frequent and persistent occurrences. Hydrological drought analysis necessitates spatially distributed data, a challenge faced in Ethiopian studies. We employed remote sensing and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to assign weightage values to nine hydrological drought-influencing factors, namely land use and land cover, soil texture, population density, elevation, drainage density, aridity index, slope, rainfall departure, and water storage deficit index. Our results identify spatial diversity of hydrological drought vulnerability, with six categories of extreme and very high vulnerability areas covering over 22% of the country from January to June, primarily in the northeast and southeast lowlands. The majority of the country falls within high and medium vulnerability areas, emphasizing the prevalence of hydrological drought, particularly from June to October, while some southwest regions experience low vulnerability. Overall, a substantial portion of the country is susceptible to severe hydrological drought throughout most months.

Tegegn Kassa Beyene

Ankit Agarwal

Manoj Kumar Jain

Brijesh K. Yadav

Hydrological drought vulnerability assessment in Ethiopia using multi-criteria decision-making

基于多准则决策的埃塞俄比亚水文干旱脆弱性评估

ABSTRACT The soil conservation service curve number (SCS-CN) model is a widely utilized tool for estimating runoff and relies on two empirical parameters: the CN and the ratio of initial abstraction to maximum potential retention (λ). The determination of the parameters is via the empirical method or calculations based on actual data. However, few studies address the effect of rainfall on parameter selection, and collecting runoff data for model analysis is challenging. This study, taking the Nemor River Basin in Northeast China as the research region, investigates how the combination of CN and λ impacts the model in different rainfall conditions. Using runoff plots and reanalysis product data, the study reveals that: (1) the calculated methods outperformed the empirical method, increasing the Nash efficiency coefficient from 0.34 to 0.65. (2) A higher λ value (0.2 compared to 0.02) reduces runoff and smoothes the runoff curve, which becomes less obvious with increasing CN. (3) The CN values exhibit a non-monotonic relationship with rainfall, initially decreasing before rising, highlighting the need to adjust the CN based on rainfall. Moreover, the SCS-CN model's performance with reanalysis data approximates that with actual data, confirming the viability of reanalysis datasets in this region.

Qiang Sun

Jiahao Liu

The impact of rainfall value on the accuracy of the SCS-CN model: selection of model parameters

降雨量对SCS-CN模型精度的影响：模型参数的选择

ABSTRACT Drinking water that complies with established standards at treatment plants inevitably undergoes secondary contamination upon entering distribution systems. A bibliometric analysis highlights the expanding body of research on drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), emphasizing the paramount importance of safeguarding drinking water quality and mitigating secondary contamination within these networks. This study delves into the sources, health implications, and mitigation strategies pertaining to three predominant forms of secondary contamination, namely metal release, microbial regrowth, and disinfectant by-product (DBP) formation, as well as the intricate interactions among these contaminants. The release of heavy metals is inherently linked to the corrosion process of metallic components of pipelines, which is affected by water quality and hydraulic dynamics. Microbial regrowth within DWDSs is potentially associated with the reproduction of waterborne pathogens, which can lead to significant health outcomes including acute gastroenteritis and diarrhea. Consequently, disinfection is commonly employed to prevent pathogen proliferation in DWDSs, whereas the residual disinfectants can react with natural organic matter or halogen ions in waters, resulting in the formation of DBPs. To mitigate the adverse effects of DBPs, various practical interventions are implemented at distinct stages of water distribution, encompassing source control, process control, and end control.

Zhi Wang

Xiaozhou Yang

Lei Fu

Manjie Li

A review of secondary contamination of drinking water quality in distribution systems: sources, mechanisms, and prospects

饮用水在配水系统中的二次污染综述：来源、机制与展望

ABSTRACT Water resource management challenges are shaped by territorial and natural conditions, and each country's specific context and international commitments. Growing water scarcity poses a significant issue at both national and regional levels. Integrated water resource management in the Yertis (Irtysh) river basin is particularly crucial due to its transboundary nature, involving China, Kazakhstan, and Russia. This study assesses water resource pressure in the Yertis basin using the ‘water stress’ indicator from water management plans of the three states. The Yertis River basin in Kazakhstan is highly industrialized, making it a focal point for analyzing water consumption by industrial enterprises, including KAZ Minerals Group. The research compares water use levels by KAZ Minerals Group before and after modernization of water systems from 2015 to 2020. The study highlights the successful implementation of economic instruments, such as water extraction taxes and modernization of water systems, which have led to reduced water abstraction and improved water recycling. These measures have contributed to mitigating water stress and ensuring a reliable water supply amid increasing demand and climate change impacts. The findings emphasize the importance of transboundary cooperation and the integration of economic, administrative, and technological tools to enhance water resource sustainability.

Lyazzat Makhmudova

Dauren Sambetbayev

Aliya Kozykeyeva

Aida Niyetaliyeva

Nurgul Torekhanova

Economic instruments of water resource management on the example of enterprises of KAZ minerals under non-stationarity of climate

以KAZ矿产企业为例探讨气候变化非平稳性下的水资源管理经济工具

ABSTRACT A high concentration of dissolved oxygen is essential for the maintenance of healthy aquatic ecosystems. Aeration studies have been conducted in both closed systems and open channels utilizing conventional hydraulic structures. However, the feasibility of aeration through screens with square openings has not yet been explored. This study aimed to evaluate the aeration efficiency (E20) in an open channel system using screens with square jets. Five input parameters were analyzed: angle of inclination, number of square jets, discharge, hydraulic radius, and Froude number. The results showed that Nj, α, and Q significantly influence E20. The highest E20 recorded was 37% on level terrain with moderate discharge in the open channel. This method has the potential to enhance oxygen concentrations in rural regions where skilled labor and mechanised systems may be challenging. The study also focused on identifying suitable soft computing models for predicting E20. Five machine learning approaches were employed: artificial neural network, random forest with Bagging, Gaussian process utilizing the Pearson VII function kernel (GP_PUK), support vector machine with the PUK kernel function (SVM_PUK), and a radial basis function (SVM_RBF). The GP model employing the PUK kernel function demonstrated superior performance.

Abbreviation
Journal Impact	1.95
Quartiles(Global)	WATER RESOURCES(Q3)

ISSN	2709-8028, 2709-8036
h-index	58

Publication Information	Publisher: IWA Publishing，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: Yes
Basic data	Year of publication: 2021，Proportion of original research papers: 95.70%，Self Citation Rate:14.30%， Gold OA Rate: 96.57%
Average review cycle	20 weeks

Aqua Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society

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Airflow characteristics of the stepped dropshaft in the deep tunnel storage system

Optimal allocation planning of regional water resources with multiple objectives using improved firefly algorithm

Hydrological drought vulnerability assessment in Ethiopia using multi-criteria decision-making

The impact of rainfall value on the accuracy of the SCS-CN model: selection of model parameters

A review of secondary contamination of drinking water quality in distribution systems: sources, mechanisms, and prospects

Economic instruments of water resource management on the example of enterprises of KAZ minerals under non-stationarity of climate

Aeration of square jets in an open channel: experimental analysis and modeling

A review of secondary contamination of drinking water quality in distribution systems: sources, mechanisms, and prospects

The impact of rainfall value on the accuracy of the SCS-CN model: selection of model parameters

Hydrological drought vulnerability assessment in Ethiopia using multi-criteria decision-making