BIO Integration

According to the prevalent concept of enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect proposed by Matsumura and Maeda in 1986 [1], nanoparticles can passively accumulate at the tumor site via gaps between endothelial cells (interendothelial gaps) in tumor-associated blood vessels that have abnormal structural integrity with pores ranging in size from submicron to micron. According to the paper published very recently by Sindhwani et al. [2], however, this classic concept needs to be modified or replaced by a new concept on the entry of nanoparticles into solid tumors. In their paper, Sindhwani and his team focused on how nanoparticles – represented by gold nanoparticles – enter tumors, by carrying out detailed visualization and data quantification on specific areas such as blood vessel gaps in tumors, accumulation and localization of nanoparticles in tumors, and also the comparison of transendothelially transported rate of nanoparticles to the rate of diffusion across blood vessel gaps. They analyzed 313 blood vessels across several tumor models, such as U87-MG glioma, 4T1 breast cancer, MMTV-PyMT breast cancer, PDX breast cancer and so on, and found only 26 gaps, which implied that gaps occurred at a very low frequency in all the aforementioned tumor types, which is consistent with the knowledge that gaps are also rare in tumor vessels from cancer patients. Furthermore, they demonstrated that only seven out of 26 openings were intercellular gaps (26.9%), while the rest were transendothelial pores. Through this study, they claimed that the main mechanism of nanoparticle tumor entry is through transendothelial openings. In fact, in 1997, researchers at Harvard University had proposed that the endothelial cell gaps that were induced by vasoactive mediators were mostly transcellular pores [3]. Feng et al. defined a novel endothelial cell organelle in the endothelial cells of both humans and animals, termed the vesiculovacuolar organelle (VVO) [3]. It participates in the regulation of intracellular transportation pathways during the transendothelial transport of soluble macromolecules. In this regard, there is a structural basis for nanoparticles to enter tumors through transendothelial pathways. According to this article, the extravasation of nanoparticles shows no significant relevance with tight junctions, fenestra, vesicles or endothelial gaps in blood vessels, which infers that nanoparticles primarily enter tumors by active transportation. Based on the aforementioned fact, there are two possible ends when nanoparticles enter the circulation. The first one is that nanoparticles are also capable of entering other organs by crossing the endothelial cells. Feng and coworkers showed that colloidal carbon could traverse endothelial cells via the development of pores; this mechanism does not require communication with the intercellular gap junction, nor do they need to disrupt intercellular junctions by gap formation in these vessels [4]. If this hypothesis of “nanoparticles entering normal vessels” proved to be true, this may explain why the efficiency of nanoparticle delivery to tumors is mostly lower than 1% in clinical experiments [5]. Hida et al. reported that endothelial cells in tumors exhibit different characteristics from normal vascular endothelial cells in terms of cell proliferation, migration ability, gene expression and response to growth factors and drugs [6]. Akino et al. showed that in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC), 22–58% (median, 33%) of tumor-associated endothelial cells were aneuploid, while normal endothelial cells were diploid [7]. Furthermore, tumor 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou 510120, China

Phei Er Saw

Sangyong Jon

Understanding of the Entry Mechanism of Nanoparticles into Tumors Determines the Future Direction of Nanomedicine Development

理解纳米颗粒进入肿瘤的机制决定了纳米医学发展的未来方向

Abstract The tumor microenvironment (TME) has a crucial role in tumor development, metastasis, and recurrence. The chaotic and complex physical structure of the TME not only limits drug delivery but also contributes to the development of resistance to immunotherapy. Breaking the physical barrier limitation of the TME could further optimize the existing tumor treatment protocols. Physical stimulation, such as ionizing radiation, light, electricity, magnetic field, and ultrasound, modulate the TME by altering tumor vasculature, remodeling the extracellular matrix, and activating immune responses to achieve the goal of adjuvant to other tumor therapeutic approaches. In addition to adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy, these physical stimulations also enhance the efficacy of other physical treatments for cancer. In this review we discuss the structural characteristics of TME and focus on the modulation of TME by different physical stimulations. We also analyze the adjuvant effects of these stimulations on other tumor therapies.

Zhili Guo

Non-Invasive Physical Stimulation to Modulate the Tumor Microenvironment: Unveiling a New Frontier in Cancer Therapy

非侵入性物理刺激调控肿瘤微环境：揭示癌症治疗新前沿

Abstract Cancer is a significant disease that poses a major threat to human health. Image-guided cancer therapy refers to a series of medical procedures that use imaging technology to precisely locate and treat cancer. Combining the dual characteristics of medical images and functional nanomaterial (NM) drug carriers, various integrated diagnosis and treatment probes have been developed for in vivo dynamic monitoring and therapeutic effect evaluation of drugs based on medical imaging. Copper (Cu)-based NMs have emerged as valuable products of nanotechnology due to their unique physicochemical properties, which are influenced by factors, such as size, shape, and surface properties. In the field of imaging, Cu-based NMs offer a combination of desirable characteristics, including fluorescence emission, contrast enhancement, and radiolabeling stability. These properties form the foundation for a wide range of imaging modalities. In addition, Cu-based NMs can be used as a carrier for diagnostic or therapeutic drugs and the synergistic effect of multiple therapeutic modalities can be realized by doping multiple transition metals into the heterostructures. These properties have become an important basis for imaging-guided therapy with Cu-based NMs. In this review we introduce biocompatible Cu-based NMs for image-guided cancer therapy and provide an overview of the promising outcomes in biomedical research.

Haonan Xu

Mingjie Li

Hellíada Vasconcelos Chaves

Vicente de Paulo Teixeira Pinto

Gerardo Cristino Filho

Meng Du

Mirna Marques Bezerra

Copper-Based Nanomaterials for Image-Guided Cancer Therapy

铜基纳米材料用于影像引导的癌症治疗

Abstract Background: Plasmodium falciparum is a malaria-causing unicellular parasite with strain 3D7 ( Pf 3D7) being the most lethal. Currently, antimalarial resistance has been reported which necessitates the development of novel antimalarial drugs to combat the spread of malaria. Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anders contains phytochemical compounds that are useful for various activities, including targeting Pf 3D7 proteins. This study explored novel antimalarial drugs from G. atroviridis against several target proteins of Pf 3D7 in silico . Methods: Phytocompounds from G. atroviridis were selected as ligands. After retrieval from the Protein Data Bank, the protein sequence was screened using BLASTp NCBI. Molecular docking analysis was performed on PyRx to compute binding affinity and identify the chemical interactions involved. The stability of the ligand-protein complex was evaluated using dynamic molecular approaches. Results: Our findings showed that quercetin has a high binding affinity with apicoplast DNA polymerase (−8.3 kcal/mol), glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (−7.5 kcal/mol), and plasmepsin X (−7.8 kcal/mol). Kaempferol had a high binding affinity for the cytochrome c2 domain-swapped dimer (−8.4 kcal/mol). Conclusion: Collectively, quercetin and kaempferol are potential antimalarial candidates which warrant further investigation using in vitro and in vivo designs.

Nur Sofiatul Aini

Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori

Mochammad Aqilah Herdiansyah

Viol Dhea Kharisma

Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda

Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo

Dora Dayu Rahma Turista

Teguh Hari Sucipto

Sukma Sahadewa

Fara Disa Durry

Vikash Jakhmola

Maksim Rebezov

Valery P. Kartashev

Kadek Rachmawati

Putu Angga Wiradana

T. Karpagam

Hery Purnobasuki

Antimalarial Potential of Phytochemical Compounds from Garcinia atroviridis Griff ex. T. Anders Targeting Multiple Proteins of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7: An In Silico Approach

抗疟潜力：基于计算机模拟的Garcinia atroviridis Griff ex. T. Anders植物化学成分靶向恶性疟原虫3D7多重蛋白质的研究

Abstract Liquid smoke, a product of the pyrolysis process, includes components such as phenol, furfural, and ketones, and has acidic characteristics. Liquid smoke from various biomass sources has been used as a natural preservative worldwide and reported to be safe in humans. As a bio-economic product, liquid smoke has human health benefits. This review analyzes and describes the health benefits of liquid smoke from various biomass sources, according to in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies. A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted to identify published reports of liquid smoke from various biomass sources. The anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, wound healing, and anti-periodontitis activity of liquid smoke was analyzed. Prior research has investigated liquid smoke produced through pyrolysis of various biomass types, such as rice husks ( Oryza sativa ), coconut shells ( Cocos nucifera L. ), palm kernels ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq . ), cocoa pods ( Theobroma cacao L .), tian op, and hickory ( Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt .), as well as commercial liquid smoke. Toxicity testing, and in vitro and in vivo studies, are required for the assessment of health benefits. Therapeutic benefits of liquid smoke including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral activity have been described. Further health benefits include anti-diabetic, anti-periodontitis, wound healing, and ulcer healing activity. These findings increase the use value of liquid smoke as a natural product with human health benefits.

Meircurius Dwi Condro Surboyo

Saeid Baroutian

Widyah Puspitasari

Ummi Zubaidah

Pamela Handy Cecilia

Dieni Mansur

Benni Iskandar

Nurina Febriyanti Ayuningtyas

Fatma Yasmin Mahdani

Diah Savitri Ernawati

Health benefits of liquid smoke from various biomass sources: a systematic review

不同生物质来源液态烟的健康益处：系统综述

Abstract Although diamond-like carbon-coated joint replacements are widely recommended for full bone replacements in humans, their clinical application is substantially limited by contamination with wear particles, specifically graphite nanoparticles, which are cytotoxic. This study was aimed at assessing the adverse effects of graphite oxide (GO) sheets on the blood and renal tissues of adult male albino rats. A total of 25 albino rats were procured from the Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan, and acclimated for 7 days in well-ventilated enclosures, after approval from the ethical committee at the University of Sialkot. The rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: a control group receiving no treatment, a vehicle control group receiving normal saline, and three treatment groups (G1, G2, and G3, administered GO nanosheets at doses of 5, 6, or 7 mg/kg body weight, respectively). Treatments were delivered through intraperitoneal injection on alternating days over 28 days. Animal mortality, hematological parameters, and kidney histology were assessed. The control and vehicle control groups showed normal findings, whereas the groups exposed to GO exhibited highly significant pathological changes in renal function tests ( p &lt;0.05). Histological alterations were more severe in the moderate- and high-dose treatment groups than the low-dose group, which displayed typical histological features. The treatment groups exhibited various histological changes, including vacuolation, renal fibrosis, inflammation, and tubular damage, which were significantly more pronounced in the G2 and G3 groups than the G1 group. Thus, exposure to GO sheets resulted in detrimental effects on renal tissues in albino rats. The findings suggested that the investigated doses of GO have detrimental effects on the health of living organisms.

Ambar N. Muhammad

Ayesha Ijaz

Adeel Khalid

Khuram Rafique

Rabia Tabassum

Aqeela Zahra

Muhammad Danish

Hina Tariq

Mochammad A. Herdiansyah

Arif N. M. Ansori

Renal Effects of Graphite Oxide Sheets in Albino Rats (Rattus norvegicus): A Preliminary Study

白化大鼠（褐家鼠）中氧化石墨烯片的肾脏效应：一项初步研究

Abstract Background: Losartan potassium, an antihypertensive medication, has high solubility and a short half-life that result in potential adverse effects and rapid drug clearance. Multiparticulate drug delivery systems enhance the drug’s bioavailability, decrease patient-to-patient variability, and optimize drug distribution. Herein, losartan potassium pellets for sustained drug release were developed and characterized. Methods: The formulation process involved varying the concentrations of Eudragit RSPO (200 mg, 400 mg, or 600 mg) and Eudragit L100 (200 mg, 400 mg, or 600 mg) across nine pellet batches, and adjusting the triethyl citrate concentrations accordingly. The pellets’ bulk density, tapped density, flow properties (Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio, and angle of repose), drug content, particle size distribution, and in vitro drug release were evaluated. Interactions between losartan potassium and the excipients were analyzed with FTIR and DSC. Results: FTIR spectra indicated physical interactions without major chemical alterations, whereas DSC thermograms revealed changes in thermal behavior due to excipient interactions. In vitro drug release studies indicated that formulations with higher concentrations of Eudragit RSPO and triethyl citrate achieved controlled, prolonged drug release. The optimized batch (F7) demonstrated balanced characteristics including favorable bulk and tapped density, good flow properties, and a sustained release profile. Varying the polymer and plasticizer concentrations significantly influenced pellet performance, and F7 was found to be the most promising formulation for sustained-release applications. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of polymer selection and formulation optimization in developing effective sustained-release drug delivery systems, and has potential implications for enhancing therapeutic outcomes in clinical practice.

Vishal D. Yadav

Dipali S. Salunkhe

Vasant Y. Lokhande

Multiparticulate Drug Delivery of Losartan Potassium via Extrusion-Spheronization: Formulation and Dissolution Comparisons

通过挤出-球形化制备氯沙坦钾的多颗粒药物递送：制剂与溶出比较

Abstract Cooking oil is an important source of essential nutrients for human health. Prolonged heating of vegetable oil can lead to the emergence of health conditions. This study examined the physicochemical characteristics of sesame seed oil after heating at 180°C for 4 or 8 hours. We assessed the acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, p -anisidine value, refractive index, and saponification value; conducted gas chromatography; and performed preclinical testing on Wistar rats. The acid value, specific gravity, refractive index, p -anisidine value, saponification value, peroxide value, and iodine value in the present investigation have been calculated to fall within the following range: 0.42–2.11 milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) per gram (mg KOH/g oil), 0.92–0.8912, 1.473–1.4746, 0.67–15.32 p -Anisidine Value (AnV), 188–197.25 milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) per gram of fat or oil (mg KOH/g oil), 3.56–12.56 milliequivalents (meq) of active oxygen per kilogram of oil (meq/kg), and 108–81 grams of iodine per 100 grams of oil (gm/100g oil). Gas chromatography detected alterations in the quantities of mono-unsaturated fatty acids and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, as well as the production of trans fats, which have negative effects on health. Animal studies indicated changes in lipid profiles, liver profiles, and amounts of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione, superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) in tissue homogenates. The findings indicate that consuming thermo-oxidized oil can have detrimental effects. These findings highlight the need for a thorough comprehension of thermo-oxidized oil utilisation to adequately tackle public health issues.

ISSN	2712-0074, 2712-0082
h-index	12

出版信息	出版商: Compuscript Ltd，出版周期: ，期刊类型: journal，开源期刊: 否
基本数据	创刊年份: 2020，原创研究文献占比: ，自引率:， Gold OA占比:

BIO Integration

期刊引文格式

有 1 位以上作者的期刊

有 2 位作者的期刊

有 3 位作者的期刊

有 5 位以上作者的期刊

书籍引用格式

学位论文引用格式

网页引用格式

专利引用格式

手工熬夜修改参考文献？研飞自动匹配期刊，一键轻松成稿，支持 Word/WPS

投稿经验分享

Understanding of the Entry Mechanism of Nanoparticles into Tumors Determines the Future Direction of Nanomedicine Development

Non-Invasive Physical Stimulation to Modulate the Tumor Microenvironment: Unveiling a New Frontier in Cancer Therapy

Copper-Based Nanomaterials for Image-Guided Cancer Therapy

Antimalarial Potential of Phytochemical Compounds from Garcinia atroviridis Griff ex. T. Anders Targeting Multiple Proteins of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7: An In Silico Approach

Health benefits of liquid smoke from various biomass sources: a systematic review

Antimalarial Potential of Phytochemical Compounds from Garcinia atroviridis Griff ex. T. Anders Targeting Multiple Proteins of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7: An In Silico Approach

Health benefits of liquid smoke from various biomass sources: a systematic review

Renal Effects of Graphite Oxide Sheets in Albino Rats (Rattus norvegicus): A Preliminary Study

Multiparticulate Drug Delivery of Losartan Potassium via Extrusion-Spheronization: Formulation and Dissolution Comparisons

The Physiological Repercussions of Thermo-Oxidized Sesame Oil