Agrociencia Uruguay

One of the main goals of a tree breeding program is to increase forest productivity, adaptation and profitability of forest plantations. Eucalyptus dunnii is a main species used for pulp production in Uruguay. Montes del Plata (MdP) is one of the largest forest companies in Uruguay and has been focused on the development, testing and deployment of E. dunnii clones to establish commercial plantations in Uruguay. MdP clonal strategy starts with the generation, testing and selection of families (Open-pollination and|or Control-pollination) with a breeding population with a wide genetic diversity in order to have a sustainable clonal program. Seeds from the best families are used for clonal development in a two-phase strategy that takes place in the company research nursery. On the first phase, all potential clones are screened for rooting and only the ones that root more than 60% go to the next phase. An average of 4,000 E. dunnii clones is evaluated every year, and 200 clones overpass 60% rooting threshold. This represents 5% of screened clones. The second phase is to produce plants in the nursey for the establishment of clonal trials in field, and, based on the performance, to select the candidate clones for deployment and breeding. Although the strategy and the breeding program are relatively young, promising results are seen. In the last 6 years, 1,225 E. dunnii clones developed by this rooting strategy were successfully established in clonal field trials. For species of Eucalyptus that have an undesirable trait of difficulty-to-root (recalcitrance), the screening of genotypes by rooting allows to establish in field testing clones with efficient clonal propagation. This way, the measurement and wood sampling in field trials is funnelled to clones that, if selected, could be scaled to clonal plantations.

Mónica Heberling

Ana Laura Márquez

Álvaro Alonso

Rooting screening in Eucalyptus dunnii clones: inverting the order in a clonal selection process

桉树邓恩桉无性系生根筛选：颠倒无性系选择过程中的顺序

Gustavo Balmelli

Marianella Quezada

IUFRO Conference 2023: Enhancing the performance and sustainability of eucalypt plantations to broaden their benefits

IUFRO 2023 会议：提升桉树人工林的性能和可持续性以扩大其效益

Eucalyptus benthamii is a fast-growing eucalypt with excellent potential as a pulp and biomass crop in subtropical areas that are subject to occasional cold snaps. It is among the most frost-tolerant of fast-growing eucalypts and has been deployed commercially in selected regions of North and South America. Several relatively low-input domestication and breeding programs are underway. The species has a restricted natural range along the Nepean River system to the west of Sydney, Australia, and is facing ongoing threat due to fragmentation caused by agricultural developments, urban sprawl and dam construction. Two main subpopulations have been delineated (Nepean and Kedumba), with most of the world’s breeding populations predominantly based on a restricted sample of open-pollinated families from Kedumba. Two challenges are discussed. Firstly, conservation of the species is a high priority, made difficult in the less-sampled Nepean subpopulation by poor seed set, inbreeding and interspecific hybridization. Secondly, for ongoing genetic gain to be made, broadening the genetic base in breeding programs is a high priority. To tackle the first challenge, ex situ and circa situm conservation interventions are underway. Though technically challenging, this should eventually lead to more breeding material becoming available. International collaboration will be a key determinant of future success in meeting these challenges.

David Bush

Gisela Maria Pedrassani Andrejow

Nigel England

Regiane Abjaud Estopa

Peter Gore

Dario Grattapaglia

Evandro Vagner Tambarussi

Barry Vaughan

Conservation, domestication and breeding of Eucalyptus benthamii, a threatened, cold-tolerant subtropical species with a restricted genetic base and lot of potential

桉树属贝氏桉的保护、驯化和育种：一种遗传基础狭窄、潜力巨大的耐寒亚热带濒危物种

To ensure the sustainable management of the production of Eucalyptus sp. in low fertility soils in Uruguay, it is necessary to quantify nutrient exports with the harvest, as well as characterize the decomposition of residues and the recycling of nutrients to the soil. The objectives were: a) to quantify the concentration and distribution of nutrients in the aerial biomass harvested from E. dunnii, E. grandis and E. globulus in soils suitable for forestry; b) to compare the nutrient use efficiencies of the species in the different soil types, as a criterion to evaluate the sustainability of the production system; c) to quantify the characteristics that affect the decomposition rates of residues and identify indicators that can explain the process, and d) to quantify the potential recycling of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) to the soil from the remains and in relation to quantitative and qualitative differences of the species. In each plantation (29), the soil was characterized and trees of average size were harvested, quantifying the aboveground biomass and the extraction of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in commercial wood and harvest residues. In 5 plantations, covering the three species, the decomposition of residues was studied for two years. Nutrient utilization efficiency was lower in E. dunnii in relation to the other two species, for all nutrients and regardless of the planting site. The biological utilization coefficient showed lower values for cations (K, Ca and Mg) in E. dunnii compared to the other two species, and, also, for N and P, compared to E. grandis. E. dunnii exerts greater pressure on the soil resource, which must be considered for sustainable management. Decomposition rates of the residues depended on their chemical constitution, particle size and the species, with the contents of total N and C (total and soluble) being good predictive tools to estimate their half-life. After two years, most of the K was released (91 %), a little more than half of the Mg and P, and a third of the N and Ca. The release patterns depended more on its structural complexity in the plant and the fraction where they were present than of the species itself, this recycling being essential to ensure sustainability in the medium and long term.

Daniel Alejandro González Torres

Extraction and cycling of nutrients in eucalyptus sp plantations in uruguay and its effect on the sustainability of the system of production : Doctoral thesis abstract

桉树种植园中营养物质的提取与循环及其对乌拉圭生产系统可持续性的影响：博士论文摘要

Ramularia leaf spot (RLS) is primarily managed by foliar fungicide spraying, which can result in residues in the grain. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the risks these residues pose to consumers. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of fungicide management used for RLS control and their fungicide residues in barley grain. Four different alternatives of fungicide mixtures: fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole; pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole + chlorothalonil; prothioconazole + trifloxystrobin, and isopyrazam + azoxystrobin, in three spray timings: GS33, GS47 and GS33+GS47, were evaluated in five field experiments. An untreated and a fully protected treatment were included. Fungicide residues, disease severity, control efficacy, area under the disease progress curve, and plump grain yield were calculated. All fungicide strategies adhered to food safety, complying with the Maximum Residue Limits established by Codex and the European Union. Effectiveness varied based on RLS development, application time, and number of applications. Fungicide treatments applied at GS33+GS47 were the most effective as the highest severity levels were observed at the stage after GS47 under the conditions studied. Plump grain yield only showed minimal differences in the late epidemic. The study emphasized the low risk of fungicide presence in grains, favoring efficacy when selecting RLS management options. Any changes in management or regulations should be carefully reviewed to maintain findings. The research underscored the compatibility of recommended fungicide treatments with food safety standards, highlighting the balance between disease control efficacy and consumer safety.

Cintia Palladino

Carlos A. Pérez

Lucia Pareja

Andrés Pérez-Parada

Jorge Franco

Silvia Pereyra

Fungicide strategies for Ramularia Leaf Spot control recommended in Uruguay and its residues in barley grains

乌拉圭推荐的柱隔孢叶斑病杀菌剂策略及其在大麦谷物中的残留

The shallow water table in Río Negro and Neuquén valley causes a capillary rise (CR) that modifies the water content in soil profile. Therefore, irrigation performance is expected to be affected by the capillary water input into the root zone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of CR on surface irrigation performance during 2020-2021 growing season in a pear orchard. In a Bartlett pear orchard planted in 2003, three irrigation moments were evaluated, and irrigation sheets were calculated to obtain efficiency. Water table level (WTL) was measured monthly in an open aquifer piezometer. CR was calculated with the software UPFLOW. Soil water content was measured with a Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) sensor at: 0.20 m, 0.40 m, and 0.60 m. Water use efficiency (WUE) and water productivity were calculated using pear crop yield and the irrigation sheets applied and the crop water demand, respectively. WTL was shallower in spring than in the rest of the season. The mean depth fluctuated between 0.70-1.20 m during spring, affecting irrigation performance. Data of FDR deepest sensor showed an increase of soil moisture due to CR. Capillary contribution negatively affects irrigation efficiency if it is not included in the water balance. Irrigation schedules can be re-arranged considering soil moisture and CR. In this way, the necessary water sheets could be applied in each crop development stage adjusted to water demand. Improving irrigation performance and WUE enables a sustainable water management strategy in pear production.

María Lucía Mañueco

Maira Guiñazu

Angel Muñoz

Dolores Del Brio

Mariela Curetti

Dolores Raffo

Capillary rise quantification improves irrigation performance in pear orchards

毛细上升量化改善梨园灌溉性能

In the last 20 years, the Uruguayan dairy sector has intensified and concentrated on higher cow productivity, maintaining the herd, smaller land, and fewer farms. The research aims are to identify, describe, and evaluate the economic performance of different types of dairy farms. A sample of 284 farms from the National Dairy Farm Survey 2019 was used (representing 2,021 dairies); using k-means Cluster analysis with the variables: cow productivity, stocking rate, land productivity, concentrate, roughage, and grass intake (per hectare). We identified six farm types, three with high participation of grass in the cows’ diets (HG, 60% or more of dry matter intake), and the other three focused on supplementation (HS); with three intensification levels (1-low, 2-intermediate and 3-high productivity per ha). For the 2018/19 season three types of farms presented the best economic performance (HS-3, HG-3, and HG-2), including those with the highest stocking rate and grass intake per hectare, and more than USD 225 Economic Farm Surplus (EFS) per hectare with the lower unitary cost. Other two types exhibited intermediate economic performance (HS-2 and HG-1) with EFS close to zero and unitary cost similar to price. And one type (HS-1) displayed the worst economic performance, with negative indicators and the largest number of farms with very low productivity.

Ana Pedemonte

Federico García

Jorge Artagaveytia

Gabriel Giudice

Pablo Chilibroste

Performance evaluation of Uruguayan dairy farming systems

乌拉圭乳业养殖系统性能评估

Dairy intensification produces a large amount of farm dairy effluents (FDE). The final disposal of FDE is generally to the soil as fertilizer. While this use of FDE as fertilizer has numerous benefits, such as reducing the application of synthetic fertilizers or improving soil quality, there are concerns about the environmental and health risks associated with microbial pathogens from animal waste, the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, nutrient losses and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Furthermore, how this agricultural practice impacts the composition and functionality of soil microbial communities has not yet been elucidated. This thesis aimed to evaluate the impact of FDE applications on soil GHG emissions, the composition, activity and diversity of its microbial community, and health risks. The FDE were collected raw and from a two-stage stabilization lagoon. The N application rate normalized to 200 kg N ha−1 was divided into four seasonal applications compared to urea fertilization or a no-aggregate control. Soil samples were taken after each application for microbial and physicochemical characterization and GHG fluxes were measured up to twenty days after each application. The pasture was harvested according to typical grazing management. Repeated application of both types of FDE increased the soil nutrient status and enhanced microbial activity. Higher fescue pasture production and macronutrient content with FDE than the control positioned FDE application to soil as an alternative disposal. However, N2O emissions increased after applying both FDE’s, most notably with raw FDE. Soil microbial community composition was not significantly influenced by FDE applications, but functional diversity shifted with raw FDE. Lagoon storage effectively reduced organic C and total N along with pathogenic indicator bacteria and changed the bacterial community composition except in winter. Beta-lactam resistance genes were detected in both FDEs, but not in the soil after repeated applications.

Gabriela Illarze

Pilar Irisarri

Amabelia Del Pino Machado

Farm dairy effluent irrigation

农场乳制品废水灌溉

This thesis investigated the role of the amino acids (AA) during the transition period and lactation under grazing conditions, and heat stress (HS) as two contrasting challenging situations for the dairy cow. In the experiment 1, the branched-chain AA (BCAA) metabolism was studied in North American (NAH) vs. New Zealand (NZH) Holstein cows between -45 and 180 days in milk (DIM). Higher plasma concentrations of BCAA were confirmed in NAH vs. NZH in early lactation. The temporal profile of hepatic gene expression of specific BCAA transporters, especially LAT1 and Eeg1, differed between the genetic strains in association with the level of somatotropic axis uncoupling and insulin resistance in the liver. In the experiments 2 and 3, we studied the role of the metabolism of the AA against HS and its amelioration through nutritional strategies under controlled conditions. The plasma and milk metabolomics indicated that the HS triggered skeletal muscle mobilization and enhanced AA catabolism. Dietary supply of vitamin E and Se above requirements seemed to have modulated the skeletal muscle mobilization, while D3 and Ca did not show significant effects (experiment 2). The results of experiment 3 suggested that the partial amelioration of HS effects on productive and physiological parameters through high dietary supply of Met (+70 %), Lys (+65 %) and His (+21 %) were mediated by a recovery of phosphatidylcholines and decreased oxidation of Val, Trp and Leu due to enhanced one-carbon metabolism and Lys oxidation, respectively.

Ernesto Ezequiel Jorge Smeding

Ákos Kenéz

Ana Laura Astessiano

Ana Inés Trujillo

Metabolic role of the amino acids in the adaptation of Holstein dairy cows to two contrasting challenging situations

氨基酸在荷斯坦奶牛适应两种截然不同的挑战情况中的代谢作用

This study aims to delve into the potentials and difficulties of digitalization on the real commercial experience of some of the fundamental actors in the Uruguayan fruit and vegetable chain (producers, merchants, intermediaries, consumers, and private and public technicians). For that, these social actors and their projects were described and consulted in search of appreciations or points of view regarding technical innovations, barriers to commercialization, family labor, public policies, pressure for land use, and other complex problems. Through a “snowball sampling”, carrying out semi-structured questionnaires for more than 4 months from INIA Las Brujas, we obtained information mainly from actors in the south and some points in the northwest and east-central Uruguay. Opinions come from the complexity of people in their different roles, with the expected emergence of tensions and contradictions at different moments of the participatory-action research. We could appreciate that the Fourth and Fifth Industrial Revolution are having a significant impact in the Uruguayan fruit and vegetable chain. Digital technology is providing new tools for marketing such as: electronic commerce platforms, mobile applications, traceability and monitoring technologies for data analysis, etc. Support in this transformation comes both from private initiatives and public projects, some of which are outlined. We discuss some causes of digitalization disparities and some solutions, debating the role of each one of the represented actors and their possibilities of change.

Marcela Marques Berrutti

Jorge Álvarez

Federico García Suarez

Digitalization and alternative marketing channels in the Uruguayan fruit and vegetable chain

乌拉圭果蔬供应链中的数字化与替代营销渠道

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Journal Impact	0.40
国际分区	AGRONOMY(Q4)

涉及主题	生物生态学地理农学植物环境科学哲学地质学艺术化学人文学科
出版信息	出版商: Universidad de la Republica Facultad de Agronomia，出版周期: ，期刊类型: journal，开源期刊: 是
基本数据	创刊年份: 2021，原创研究文献占比: 0.00%，自引率:0.00%， Gold OA占比: 55.00%
平均审稿周期	网友分享经验：20 Weeks

Agrociencia Uruguay

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