Abstract China is one of the largest contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the livestock sector is a major source of non-CO 2 GHG emissions. Mitigation of GHG emissions from the livestock sector is beneficial to the sustainable development of the livestock sector in China. This study investigated the provincial level of GHG emissions from the livestock sector between 2000 and 2020 in China, to determine the driving factors affecting the provincial-level GHG emissions from the livestock sector, based on the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) model, which took into account of technological progress, livestock structure, economic factor, and agricultural population. Moreover, a gray model GM (1, 1) was used to predict livestock GHG emissions in each province until 2030 in China. The results showed that the GHG of Chinese livestock sector was decreased from 195.1 million tons (MT) CO 2 e in 2000 to 157.2 MT CO 2 e in 2020. Henan, Shandong, and Hebei provinces were the main contributors to the reduction in Chinese livestock GHG emissions, with their livestock GHG emissions reduced by 60.1%, 53.5% and 45.5%, respectively, in 2020 as compared to 2000. The reduction in GHG emissions from the Chinese livestock sector can be attributed to two main factors: technological progress and the shrinking of the agricultural laborers. In contrast, the agricultural economic development model with high input and high emissions showed a negative impact on GHG emission reduction in China’s livestock sector. Furthermore, the different livestock structure in each province led to different GHG reduction effects on the livestock sector. Under the gray model GM (1,1), the GHG emissions of the livestock sector will be reduced by 33.7% in 2030 as compared with 2020 in China, and the efficiency factor will account for 76.6% of the positive effect of GHG reduction in 2030. The eastern coastal region will be the main contributor to the reduction of GHG emissions from the Chinese livestock sector in 2030. Moreover, recommendations (such as upgrading livestock management methods and promoting carbon emission mitigation industries) should be proposed for the environmentally sustainable development of the livestock sector in the future.

Yulong Chen

Le Qi

Hafiz Athar Hussain

Carbon Research

Greenhouse gas emissions from Chinese livestock sector can be decreased by one third in 2030 by the improvement in management

中国畜牧业温室气体排放量可通过管理改善在2030年减少三分之一

Abstract Biochar application to soil is a potential climate change mitigation strategy. In addition to long-term sequestration of the carbon content of the biochar itself, its application may reduce the emissions of other greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the soil. However, the reported effects of biochar application on soil GHG fluxes exhibit inconsistent results. Prediction of such effects is an important gap that needs to be addressed in biochar research. In this study, rule-based machine learning models were developed based on rough-set theory. Data from the literature were used to generate the rules for predicting the effects of biochar application on soil GHG (CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 ) fluxes. Four rule-based models for CO 2 fluxes, two rule-based models for N 2 O fluxes, and three rule-based models for CH 4 fluxes were developed. The validity of these models was assessed based on both statistical measures and mechanistic plausibility. The final rule-based models can guide the prediction of changes in soil GHG fluxes due to biochar application, and thus serve as a decision-support tool to maximize the benefits of biochar application as a negative emission technology (NET). In particular, mechanistically plausible rules were identified that predict triggers for GHG fluxes that can offset carbon sequestration gains. This knowledge allows biochar application to be calibrated to local conditions for maximum efficacy. Graphical Abstract

Beatriz A. Belmonte

Jesus Gabriel A. Flores

Cristine L. Mestizo

Patricia Nicole B. Rafer

Michael Francis D. Benjamin

Kathleen B. Aviso

Raymond R. Tan

A rough set-based model for predicting soil greenhouse gases response to biochar

基于粗糙集模型的生物炭对土壤温室气体响应预测

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), whose atmospheric volume has been increasing, is the principal greenhouse gas (GHG) that causes global warming and climate change. Climate change from increasing greenhouse gases (GHGs) has broad health and environmental influences. Human-emitted GHGs constitute a significant cause of global warming. The main objective of this article is to assess the influence of technological innovation, economic growth, fossil energy use, renewable energy consumption, and globalisation on CO 2 emissions (CO 2 Es) in South Africa over the observation period 1990–2020. The Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) estimator was implemented to examine the relationship between the constituents. The study results indicate that economic growth, fossil energy use, technological innovation, and globalisation boost CO 2 Es, whereas renewable energy consumption reduces CO 2 Es. The output of the canonical cointegrating regression and fully modified least squares estimators also supports the output of the DOLS estimator. We concluded that, in South Africa, a rise in economic growth, fossil energy use, technological innovation, and globalisation results in an upsurge in CO 2 Es. In contrast, an increase in renewable energy consumption leads to a reduction in CO 2 Es. This research work contributes to the discourse on CO 2 Es in the South African context. The study recommends that policymakers in South Africa should design policies that foster the formation of a low-carbon country, the consumption of renewable energy, and the implementation of environment-friendly technological innovations that reduce the use of fossil energy. Graphical Abstract

Frank Ranganai Matenda

Asif Raihan

Helper Zhou

Mabutho Sibanda

The influence of economic growth, fossil and renewable energy, technological innovation, and globalisation on carbon dioxide emissions in South Africa

经济增长、化石和可再生能源、技术创新及全球化对南非二氧化碳排放的影响

Abstract Forest ecosystems play a crucial role in regulating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigating climate change. This research aimed to evaluate the GHG emissions of various sources within forested ecosystems and assess their respective contributions to global warming potential (GWP), vital for developing more targeted strategies to mitigate climate change, shaping climate policies, carbon accounting, sustainable forest management, and advancing scientific comprehension of ecosystem-climate dynamics. The study comprehensively analysed carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions EDGAR data of deforestation, fires, and natural processes such as organic soil decomposition within forested ecosystems. The assessment quantified the CO 2 equivalent emissions for each category from 1990 to 2022 and forecasted till 2030. Our forecast shows that CO 2 emissions from deforestation could reach between 3,990 and 4,529 metric ton (Mt) by 2030, with forest fires contributing an additional 750 Mt. Forestland CO 2 absorption is expected to decline to -5134.80 Mt by 2030. There is uncertainty surrounding the forecasts for Organic soil CO 2 (829.78 Mt) and Other land CO 2 (-764.53 Mt). In addition, deforestation was a significant contributor to CO 2 emissions, with a GWP ranging from 4000 to 4500, highlighting the complex interplay between natural processes and human activities in shaping atmospheric warming patterns. Additionally, forest fires emit a complex mix of GHGs. The potency of these gases in warming the planet varies considerably, with CH 4 exhibiting a GWP range of 500 to 700 Mt CO 2 equivalent, and CO 2 ranging from 900 and 1350 Mt. These variations depend on fire intensity and its overall impact on the climate system. Forestland acts as powerful carbon sink, capturing atmospheric CO 2 with negative GWP values between -7000 and -6000. Researchers suggest a multifaceted strategy such as stricter enforcement of sustainable forestry regulations, investing in projects that promote carbon sequestration, and reforestation. Additionally, advancements in drone technology, satellite imagery, remote sensing and advanced data analytics can aid in detecting and mitigating climate change impacts, ultimately paving the way for carbon neutrality. Graphical Abstract

Mohammad Fazle Rabbi

Sándor Kovács

Quantifying global warming potential variations from greenhouse gas emission sources in forest ecosystems

量化森林生态系统中温室气体排放源的全球变暖潜力变化

Abstract Understanding the risks posed to humankind, the environment, and overall growth requires a deep exploration of the profound impact of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), on global climate change. This study explores the complex relationships among economic extension, energy utilization, financial progress, natural resource rents, and CO 2 emissions in Bangladesh. By analyzing annual data from 1974 to 2022, our analysis reveals a long-term connection between the variables, as evidenced by the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test. We found that for every 1% rise in economic growth, energy use, financial progress, and natural resource rents, CO 2 emissions rise by 0.13%, 1.50%, 0.39%, and 0.04%, respectively. This is based on the dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) method. The outcomes are further supported by the canonical cointegrating regression (CCR), followed by fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS). By illuminating the causes of Bangladesh's environmental degradation, this study offers actionable policy suggestions aimed at fostering sustainable growth and enforcing strict regulations that effectively mitigate environmental harm. Graphical Abstract

Junaid Rahman

Tipon Tanchangya

Mohammad Ridwan

A. B. M. Mainul Bari

Influences of economy, energy, finance, and natural resources on carbon emissions in Bangladesh

经济、能源、金融和自然资源对孟加拉国碳排放的影响

Abstract The electrode played an essential role in the operation of CW-MFC system due to its synergistic effect, and the development of electrode strategy has promoted the application of CW-MFC since 2012. In this paper, according to the material and the quantity, the electrode types in CW-MFC were distinctly divided into unified model, composited model, modified model, and multi-electrodes model combined with non-conductive or conductive particle. Different electrode strategies were provided to improve the performance of CW-MFC towards electricity generation, removal of pollutants, and control of greenhouse gas emission, and the coordination mechanism was further reviewed. Furthermore, the development process of the electrode strategy was summarized, and the low-cost, sustainable, and innovated electrode materials were emphatically recommended. For the scale-up application, multi-electrode model was systematically reviewed based on the optimizing of the material, shape, spacing distance, and connection type of electrode. This review may provide guidance to maximize the advantages of CW-MFC applications. Graphical Abstract

Rongdi An

Jiunian Guan

Gaoxiang Li

Zhuoyu Li

Lianxi Sheng

Hongfeng Bian

Nan Lu

The electrode strategy and its coordination mechanism in constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC): a review

湿地-微生物燃料电池中的电极策略及其协同机制：综述

Abstract Dyes and heavy metals pollute the environment. Biochar-based hydrogel is an excellent adsorbent, but the competitive adsorption mechanism associated with the removal of pollutants using biochar is yet to be understood in detail. Biochar was prepared following the process of high-temperature lysis of marine green tide ( Enteromorpha prolifera ). The prepared biochar was cross-linked with water-soluble chitosan and compounded with nano-Fe 3 O 4 to synthesize magnetically-modified Enteromorpha prolifera -based biochar hydrogel (MM-EBC-HD). The competitive removal performance of the hydrogel was studied, and the pollutant removal mechanism was analyzed against a binary system consisting of common environmental pollutants (methyl orange [MO] and hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)]. The physical and chemical properties of the composites were studied before and after contaminant removal, and the associated pollutant removal mechanisms were analyzed by SEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD, and XPS techniques. The effects of pH, temperature and initial pollutant concentration on the adsorption performance of the materials were examined. The maximum adsorption of MO on MM-EBC-HD was 71.18 mg g −1 , and adsorption equilibrium was attained at approximately 60 min. Electrostatic forces, hydrophobic bonds, and hydrogen bonds were exploited for MO adsorption. And the maximum adsorption amount of Cr (VI) was recorded to be 115.41 mg g −1 , and equilibrium was attained in approximately 10 min. Electrostatic and ion exchange effects were exploited to adsorb Cr (VI) efficiently. The MO and Cr (VI) adsorption processes could be explained by the second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, respectively. The adsorption performance recorded for the binary adsorption system was poorer than that recorded for the single adsorption system for both pollutants. MO and Cr (VI) adsorption decreased from 74.88% to 47.65% and from 62.33% to 42.4%, respectively. Competition between MO and Cr (VI) in the dual system can be attributed to the presence of amino and hydroxyl groups. The MO–Cr complex, which was more compact in structure than a single contaminant, was formed, allowing few reactive groups to be exposed to the surface of the hydrogel. Additionally, MM-EBC-HD nanocomposites presented a recovery rate of 87% after 5 cycles and thus could be used to avoid adsorbents-caused environmental hazards. Graphical Abstract

Zihan Song

Yonglin Liu

Lin Liu

Chuanxi Yang

Wei Tian

Baorong Duan

Xu Fang

Yunke Ren

Mingkun Zhang

Si Xiong

Yuzhuo Gong

Haofen Sun

Weiliang Wang

Reusable magnetically-modified Enteromorpha prolifera-based biochar hydrogels: competitive removal mechanism for metal-organic dye composite contaminants

可重复使用的磁性改性浒苔基生物炭水凝胶：金属-有机染料复合污染物的竞争去除机制

Abstract Amorphous carbons are promising candidates as the anode materials for potassium-ion hybrid capacitors (PIHCs). The insufficient storage sites and inferior diffusion kinetics limit their potassium-ion storage capability. Edge nitrogen and morphology engineering are effective pathways to construct accessible active sites and enhanced diffusion kinetics. However, the organic integration of both pathways in amorphous carbon is still challenging. Herein, a “twice-cooking” strategy, including two-step carbonization processes at 700 °C, is designed to synthesize edge-nitrogen-rich lignin-derived carbon nanosheet framework (EN-LCNF). In the first-step carbonization process, the staged gas releases of CO and CO 2 from CaC 2 O 4 decomposition exfoliate the carbon matrix into a carbon nanosheet framework. In the second-step carbonization process, the generated CaO reacts with the cyanamide units of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) to form an edge-nitrogen-rich framework, which is then integrated into the meso-/macropores of carbon nanosheet framework through sp 3 -hybridized C–N bonds. EN-LCNF with a high edge-nitrogen level of 7.0 at.% delivers an excellent capacity of 310.3 mAh g −1 at 50 mA g −1 , a robust rate capability of 126.4 mAh g −1 at 5000 mA g −1 , and long cycle life. The as-assembled PIHCs based on EN-LCNF anode and commercial activated carbon cathode show a high energy density of 110.8 Wh kg −1 at a power density of 100 W kg −1 and excellent capacitance retention of 98.7% after 6000 cycles. This work provides a general strategy for the synthesis of edge-nitrogen-rich lignin-derived carbon materials for advanced potassium-ion storage. Graphical Abstract

Caiwei Wang

Dongjie Yang

Wenli Zhang

Yanlin Qin

Xueqing Qiu

Zhili Li

Engineering of edge nitrogen dopant in carbon nanosheet framework for fast and stable potassium-ion storage

碳纳米片框架边缘氮掺杂工程用于快速稳定的钾离子存储

Abstract Developing highly durable and active Pt-supported catalysts is currently the most prominent and practicable electrocatalyst design strategy for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) due to their high electrocatalytic stability and activity. Herein, we fabricated CeO 2 nanorods with tiny Pt nanoparticles that possess good electrocatalytic behavior for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). In addition, the presence of Ce 3+ and small Pt nanoparticles (3.46 nm) enhanced strong metal interaction, facilitating the formation of oxygen vacancies on the CeO 2 surface to boost the MOR performance. Hence, the Pt-CeO 2 catalyst revealed high mass activity (1414.0 mA mg −1 ) and areal-specific activity (1.615 mA cm −2 ) towards MOR in an acidic electrolyte, which was three times that of the 20% Pt/C catalyst (545.4 mA mg −1 and 0.856 mA cm −2 ). Besides, the Pt-CeO 2 catalyst exhibited excellent performance of MOR in an alkaline electrolyte and retained 90.44% of its initial mass activity after 5000 cycles due to the unique morphology and synergistic effects between Pt and CeO 2 . Pt-CeO 2 is regarded as a promising MOR electrocatalyst for DMFC applications. Graphical Abstract

Sabarinathan Ravichandran

Shuhua Hao

CeO2-supported Pt nanoclusters for improved electrochemical oxidation of methanol

CeO2负载的Pt纳米团簇用于提高甲醇的电化学氧化

Abstract Soft carbon has been recognized as a promising anode material for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs), due to low cost, high conductivity and low voltage platform. However, their practical application is hampered by slow storage kinetics and unsatisfactory cycle life. In this work, pitch-derived needle coke, a typical soft carbon, was incorporated with oxygenated functional groups through liquid phase oxidation by using H 2 O 2 oxidant. When used as anode materials for PIBs, the oxidized needle coke delivers a high reversible capacity of 322.7 mAh g −1 , significantly superior to that of the needle coke (237.9 mAh g −1 ). The enhanced electrochemical performance can be attributed to the abundant oxygenated functional groups and resultant defects on the surface of oxidized needle coke, which not only serve as extra active sites for potassium storage, but also provide sufficient pathways for K + migration across the adjacent carbon layers. Moreover, the expanded interlayer spacing derived from H 2 O 2 oxidation facilitates rapid K + intercalation and deintercalation. This work offers an effective modification strategy for the fabrication of high-performance pitch-based soft carbon anodes for PIBs. Graphical Abstract

Junjun Yao

Chang Liu

Yaming Zhu

Ying Sun

Daming Feng

Yali Yao

Quanxing Mao

Tianyi Ma

Liquid phase oxidation enables stable soft carbon anodes for potassium-ion batteries

液相氧化法制备稳定软碳负极用于钾离子电池

期刊	Carbon Research
ISSN	2731-6696
h-index	17