遗传是遗传学会的官方期刊。它涵盖了遗传学领域的广泛主题，因此论文必须解决期刊广泛读者感兴趣的概念或应用问题

Heredity is the official journal of the Genetics Society. It covers a wide range of topics in the field of genetics, and papers must address concepts or application issues that are of interest to a broad readership.

《Heredity》是遗传学会的官方期刊，涵盖遗传学领域的广泛主题。期刊所发表的论文需解决与遗传学相关的概念或应用问题，以吸引广泛的读者群体。

Heredity

Local adaptation plays a key role in the successful establishment of pest populations in new environments by enabling them to tolerate novel biotic and abiotic conditions experienced outside their native range. However, the genomic underpinnings of such adaptive responses remain unclear, especially for agriculturally important pests. We investigated population genomic signatures in the tropical/subtropical Queensland fruit fly,Bactrocera tryoni, which has an expanded range encompassing temperate and arid zones in Australia, and tropical zones in the Pacific Islands. Using reduced representation sequencing data from 28 populations, we detected allele frequency shifts associated with the native/invasive status of populations and identified environmental factors that have likely driven population differentiation. We also determined that precipitation, temperature, and geographic variables explain allelic shifts across the distribution range ofB. tryoni. We found spatial heterogeneity in signatures of local adaptation across various climatic conditions in invaded areas. Specifically, disjunct invasive populations in the tropical Pacific Islands and arid zones of Australia were characterised by multiple significantly differentiated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), some of which were associated with genes with well-understood function in environmental stress (e.g., heat and desiccation) response. However, invasive populations in southeast Australian temperate zones showed higher gene flow with the native range and lacked a strong local adaptive signal. These results suggest that population connectivity with the native range has differentially affected local adaptive patterns in different invasive populations. Overall, our findings provide insights into the evolutionary underpinnings of invasion success of an important horticultural pest in climatically distinct environments.

Elahe Parvizi

Amy L. Vaughan

Manpreet K. Dhami

Angela McGaughran

Genomic signals of local adaptation across climatically heterogenous habitats in an invasive tropical fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni)

In the coming decades, maintaining a steady food supply for the increasing world population will require high-yielding crop plants which can be productive under increasingly variable conditions. Maintaining high yields will require the successful and uniform establishment of plants in the field under altered environmental conditions. Seed vigor, a complex agronomic trait that includes seed longevity, germination speed, seedling growth, and early stress tolerance, determines the duration and success of this establishment period. Elevated temperature during early seed development can decrease seed size, number, and fertility, delay germination and reduce seed vigor in crops such as cereals, legumes, and vegetable crops. Heat stress in mature seeds can reduce seed vigor in crops such as lettuce, oat, and chickpea. Warming trends and increasing temperature variability can increase seed dormancy and reduce germination rates, especially in crops that require lower temperatures for germination and seedling establishment. To improve seed germination speed and success, much research has focused on selecting quality seeds for replanting, priming seeds before sowing, and breeding varieties with improved seed performance. Recent strides in understanding the genetic basis of variation in seed vigor have used genomics and transcriptomics to identify candidate genes for improving germination, and several studies have explored the potential impact of climate change on the percentage and timing of germination. In this review, we discuss these recent advances in the genetic underpinnings of seed performance as well as how climate change is expected to affect vigor in current varieties of staple, vegetable, and other crops.

Reagan C. Reed

Kent J. Bradford

Imtiyaz Khanday

Seed germination and vigor: ensuring crop sustainability in a changing climate

种子萌发与活力：确保气候变化下的作物可持续性

Gene-body methylation (gbM) refers to an increased level of methylated cytosines specifically in a CG sequence context within genes. gbM is found in plant genes with intermediate expression level, which evolve slowly, and is often broadly conserved across millions of years of evolution. Intriguingly however, some plants lack gbM, and thus it remains unclear whether gbM has a function. In animals, there is support for a role of gbM in reducing erroneous transcription and transcription noise, but so far most studies in plants have tested for an effect of gbM on expression level, not noise. Here, we therefore tested whether gbM was associated with reduced expression noise in Arabidopsis thaliana, using single-cell transcriptome sequencing data from root quiescent centre cells. We find that gbM genes have lower expression noise levels than unmethylated genes. However, an analysis of covariance revealed that, if other genomic features are taken into account, this association disappears. Nonetheless, gbM genes were more consistently expressed across single-cell samples, supporting previous inference that gbM genes are constitutively expressed. Finally, we observed that fewer RNAseq reads map to introns of gbM genes than to introns of unmethylated genes, which indicates that gbM might be involved in reducing erroneous transcription by reducing intron retention.

Robert Horvath

Benjamin Laenen

Shohei Takuno

Tanja Slotte

Single-cell expression noise and gene-body methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana

拟南芥中单细胞表达噪声与基因体甲基化的关系

The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) of Metazoa is a good model system for evolutionary genomic studies and the availability of more than 1000 sequences provides an almost unique opportunity to decode the mechanisms of genome evolution over a large phylogenetic range. In this paper, we review several structural features of the metazoan mtDNA, such as gene content, genome size, genome architecture and the new parameter of gene strand asymmetry in a phylogenetic framework. The data reviewed here show that: (1) the plasticity of Metazoa mtDNA is higher than previously thought and mainly due to variation in number and location of tRNA genes; (2) an exceptional trend towards stabilization of genomic features occurred in deuterostomes and was exacerbated in vertebrates, where gene content, genome architecture and gene strand asymmetry are almost invariant. Only tunicates exhibit a very high degree of genome variability comparable to that found outside deuterostomes. In order to analyse the genomic evolutionary process at short evolutionary distances, we have also compared mtDNAs of species belonging to the same genus: the variability observed in congeneric species significantly recapitulates the evolutionary dynamics observed at higher taxonomic ranks, especially for taxa showing high levels of genome plasticity and/or fast nucleotide substitution rates. Thus, the analysis of congeneric species promises to be a valuable approach for the assessment of the mtDNA evolutionary trend in poorly or not yet sampled metazoan groups.

C Gissi

F Iannelli

G Pesole

Evolution of the mitochondrial genome of Metazoa as exemplified by comparison of congeneric species

以近缘种比较为例的动物线粒体基因组进化

Epigenetic mechanisms contribute to the establishment and maintenance of cell-type-specific gene expression patterns. In this review, we focus on the functions of histone lysine methylation in the context of epigenetic gene regulation during developmental transitions. Over the past few years, analysis of histone lysine methylation in active and repressive nuclear compartments and, more recently, genome-wide profiling of histone lysine methylation in different cell types have revealed correlations between particular modifications and the transcriptional status of genes. Identification of histone methyltransferases (HMTases) and specific binding factors for most methylated lysine positions has provided a novel insight into the mechanisms of epigenetic gene regulation. In addition, analyses of HMTase knockout mice show that histone lysine methylation has important functions for normal development. In this study, we review mechanisms of gene activation and repression by histone lysine methylation and discuss them in the context of the developmental roles of HMTases.

S Dambacher

M Hahn

G Schotta

Epigenetic regulation of development by histone lysine methylation

组蛋白赖氨酸甲基化对发育的表观遗传调控

Anthropogenic environmental changes continue to threaten species globally. For example, translocation of species has caused unintentional hybridisation, which has contributed to species declines. On the other hand, hybridisation can be used to increase the evolutionary potential of species vulnerable to rapid environmental change, although the benefits of mixing genetically divergent lineages do not come without risks to individual fitness and the long-term viability of populations. Here, we use a combination of genome-wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers, mitochondrial DNA sequencing and measurements of growth rate to determine the genetic consequences of hybridisation between two congeneric marine gastropods across 27 years (~18 generations). Multigeneration hybridisation resulted from the introduction of the intertidal periwinkle Bembicium vittatum (a direct developer) into the native range of its congener Bembicium auratum (a species with planktotrophic larval dispersal). Despite significant genetic divergence between the species, we found no direct evidence of outbreeding depression in the admixed population. Instead, we found evidence for heterosis, which dissipated over time. After an initial lag, the frequency of introduced B. vittatum alleles declined dramatically in the hybrid population. However, a few B. vittatum alleles (3.18%) increased significantly in frequency against the overall trend, providing evidence of adaptive introgression. In the context of hybridisation as a conservation management tool, our results provide some evidence of the potential benefits that can be gained, and suggest that the costs due to outbreeding depression can be small.

Deanne Cummins

Michael S Johnson

Joseph L Tomkins

W Jason Kennington

Heredity (Edinb)

Multigenerational hybridisation results in heterosis and facilitates adaptive introgression, with no evidence of outbreeding depression in a pair of marine gastropods

多世代杂交导致杂种优势并促进适应性渗入，在海洋腹足类动物中未发现杂交衰退的证据

Abstract The establishment of successful interspecies hybrids requires restoration of a stable “2n” chromosome complement which can produce viable “n” gametes. This may occur (rarely) via recombination between non-homologous chromosomes, or more commonly is associated with a doubling of parental chromosome number to produce new homologous pairing partners in the hybrid. The production of unreduced “2n” gametes (gametes with the somatic chromosome number) may therefore be evolutionarily useful by serving as a key pathway for the formation of new polyploid hybrids, as might specific mechanisms permitting recombination between non-homologous chromosomes. Here, we investigated chromosome complements and fertility in third generation interspecific hybrids (AABC) resulting from a cross between allopolyploids Brassica juncea (AABB) × B . napus (AACC) followed by self-pollination for two generations. Chromosome numbers ranged from 2 n = 48–74 in the experimental population (35 plants), with 9–16 B genome chromosomes and up to 4 copies of A genome chromosomes. Unreduced gamete production leading to a putative genome structure of approximately AAAABBCC was hence predicted to explain the high chromosome numbers observed. Additionally, the estimation of nuclei number in post-meiotic sporads revealed a higher frequency of unreduced gametes (0.04–5.21%) in the third generation AABC interspecific hybrids compared to the parental Brassica juncea (0.07%) and B . napus (0.13%). Our results suggest that unreduced gamete production in the subsequent generations following interspecific hybridization events may play a critical role in restoration of more stable, fertile chromosome complements.

Charles Addo Nyarko

Elvis Katche

Mariana Báez

Zhenling Lv

Annaliese S. Mason

A wide range of chromosome numbers result from unreduced gamete production in Brassica juncea × B. napus (AABC) interspecific hybrids

芸薹属芥菜型油菜与甘蓝型油菜（AABC）种间杂交后代中广泛多样的染色体数目源于未减数配子的产生

Abstract Genome-wide association study (GWAS) is a powerful tool for identifying marker-trait associations that can accelerate breeding progress. Yet, its power is typically constrained in newly established breeding programs where large phenotypic and genotypic datasets have not yet accumulated. Expanding the dataset by inclusion of data from well-established breeding programs with many years of phenotyping and genotyping can potentially address this problem. In this study we performed single- and multi-population GWAS on heading date and lodging in four barley breeding populations with varying combinations of row-type and growth habit. Focusing on a recently established 6-rowed winter (6RW) barley population, single-population GWAS hardly resulted in any significant associations. Nevertheless, the combination of the 6RW target population with other populations in multi-population GWAS detected four and five robust candidate quantitative trait loci for heading date and lodging, respectively. Of these, three remained undetected when analysing the combined populations individually. Further, multi-population GWAS detected markers capturing a larger proportion of genetic variance in 6RW. For multi-population GWAS, we compared the findings of a univariate model (MP1) with a multivariate model (MP2). While both models surpassed single-population GWAS in power, MP2 offered a significant advantage by having more realistic assumptions while pointing towards robust marker-trait associations across populations. Additionally, comparisons of GWAS findings for MP2 and single-population GWAS allowed identification of population-specific loci. In conclusion, our study presents a promising approach to kick-start genomics-based breeding in newly established breeding populations.

Cathrine Kiel Skovbjerg

Pernille Sarup

Ellen Wahlström

Jens Due Jensen

Jihad Orabi

Lotte Olesen

Just Jensen

Ahmed Jahoor

Guillaume Ramstein

Multi-population GWAS detects robust marker associations in a newly established six-rowed winter barley breeding program

多群体全基因组关联分析在新建立的六排冬大麦育种项目中检测到稳健的标记关联

Abstract Phylogeographically structured lineages are a common outcome of range-wide population genetic studies. In the southeastern United States, disconnection between populations found at the intersection of the southeastern coastal plains of peninsular Florida and the southeastern plains of the adjacent continent is readily apparent among many plants and animals. However, the timing and maintenance of species boundaries between these distinctly different subtropical and temperate regions remains unknown for all organisms studied there. Using genome-scale data, we examine the timing of origins, gene flow, and the movement of genes under selection in unique ecoregions within the North American racers ( Coluber constrictor ). Isolation-migration models along with tests of genome-wide selection, locus-environment associations, and spatial and genomic clines demonstrate that two unrecognized species are present and are in contact at the boundary of these two ecoregions. We show that selection at several loci associated with unique environments have maintained species boundaries despite constant levels of gene flow between these lineages over thousands of generations. This research provides a new avenue of research to examine speciation processes in poorly studied biodiversity hotspots.

Frank T. Burbrink

Edward A. Myers

The genetic origins of species boundaries at subtropical and temperate ecoregions in the North American racers (Coluber constrictor)

北美束带蛇（Coluber constrictor）在亚热带和温带生态区物种界限的遗传起源

Halyomorpha halys is a polyphagous insect pest, which was first found outside its native regions in 1996, and since then it has rapidly spread worldwide causing damage to agriculture. Investigating the genetic diversity among H. halys populations is essential to understand the colonization history out of its native areas. Analyses based on mtDNA indicate multiple invasions from Asia to European and American continents, as well as serial invasions within invaded countries, but the colonization dynamics are still debated. Recently, genome-wide data (ddRAD) have been published to investigate the genomic structure of H. halys, proposing China as a putative source of multiple serial invasion events to Europe and the Americas. In this study we re-analyze published ddRAD sequences from worldwide populations of H. halys to better elucidate the colonization process. We assessed the genetic diversity in native populations identifying genetic differentiation between populations in China. Furthermore, we observed a complex pattern of population structure in the invaded countries, that may have originated from the occurrence of multiple independent colonization waves through time, from sub-populations present in the native range to Europe and the Americas. We tested alternative colonization hypotheses through Approximate Bayesian Computation comparison of demographic scenarios. Our results support multiple waves of migration from East China to invaded territories and the occurrence of European and American bridgehead effects. These results underline the importance of demographic inference through genome-wide data to investigate biological invasions, whose knowledge become fundamental to establish new strategies of management and control of invasive species.

Rajiv Boscolo Agostini

Maria Teresa Vizzari

Andrea Benazzo

Silvia Ghirotto

Disentangling the worldwide invasion process of Halyomorpha halys through approximate Bayesian computation

通过近似贝叶斯计算解析Halyomorpha halys的全球入侵过程

Abbreviation	Heredity. (Edinb).
Journal Impact	3.15
Quartiles(Global)	GENETICS & HEREDITY(Q2)

ISSN	0018-067X, 1365-2540
h-index	135

Publication Information	Publisher: Nature Publishing Group，Publishing cycle: Monthly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1947，Proportion of original research papers: 92.94%，Self Citation Rate:0.00%， Gold OA Rate: 41.50%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：偏慢,4-8周
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：一般

Heredity

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