JNEUROSCI (ISSN 0270-6474) 是神经科学学会的官方期刊。它由协会每周出版，一年五十周，一年一卷。 JNEUROSCI 发表的论文涉及神经系统研究人员普遍感兴趣的广泛主题。作者现在可以为其发表的文章提供开放选择选项

The Journal of Neuroscience (ISSN 0270-6474) is the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. It is published weekly, with fifty issues per year, forming one volume annually. The journal publishes papers covering a wide range of topics of interest to researchers in the field of neuroscience. Authors now have the option to provide open access for their published articles.

《Journal of Neuroscience》（ISSN 0270-6474）是神经科学学会的官方期刊。该期刊每周出版一次，每年出版五十期，形成一卷。期刊发表的论文涵盖了神经系统研究领域的广泛主题，旨在满足研究人员的兴趣。此外，作者现在可以为其发表的文章选择开放获取选项。

Journal of Neuroscience

Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from two independent samples of healthy adults, we parsed the amygdala's intrinsic connectivity into three partially distinct large-scale networks that strongly resemble the known anatomical organization of amygdala connectivity in rodents and monkeys. Moreover, in a third independent sample, we discovered that people who fostered and maintained larger and more complex social networks not only had larger amygdala volumes, but also amygdalae with stronger intrinsic connectivity within two of these networks: one putatively subserving perceptual abilities and one subserving affiliative behaviors. Our findings were anatomically specific to amygdalar circuitry in that individual differences in social network size and complexity could not be explained by the strength of intrinsic connectivity between nodes within two networks that do not typically involve the amygdala (i.e., the mentalizing and mirror networks), and were behaviorally specific in that amygdala connectivity did not correlate with other self-report measures of sociality.

Kevin C. Bickart

Mark C. Hollenbeck

Lisa Feldman Barrett

Bradford C. Dickerson

Intrinsic Amygdala–Cortical Functional Connectivity Predicts Social Network Size in Humans

Priority map theory is a leading framework for understanding how various aspects of stimulus displays and task demands guide visual attention. Per this theory, the visual system computes a priority map, which is a representation of visual space indexing the relative importance, or priority, of locations in the environment. Priority is computed based on both salience, defined based on image-computable properties; and relevance, defined by an individual's current goals, and is used to direct attention to the highest-priority locations for further processing. Computational theories suggest that priority maps identify salient locations based on individual feature dimensions (e.g., color, motion), which are integrated into an aggregate priority map. While widely accepted, a core assumption of this framework, the existence of independent feature dimension maps in visual cortex, remains untested. Here, we tested the hypothesis that retinotopic regions selective for specific feature dimensions (color or motion) in human cortex act as neural feature dimension maps, indexing salient locations based on their preferred feature. We used fMRI activation patterns to reconstruct spatial maps while male and female human participants viewed stimuli with salient regions defined by relative color or motion direction. Activation in reconstructed spatial maps was localized to the salient stimulus position in the display. Moreover, the strength of the stimulus representation was strongest in the ROI selective for the salience-defining feature. Together, these results suggest that feature-selective extrastriate visual regions highlight salient locations based on local feature contrast within their preferred feature dimensions, supporting their role as neural feature dimension maps.

Daniel D. Thayer

Thomas C. Sprague

Feature-Specific Salience Maps in Human Cortex

人类皮层中的特征特异性显著图

The neurobiological underpinnings of mood modulation, molecular pathophysiology of manic-depressive illness, and therapeutic mechanism of mood stabilizers are largely unknown. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is activated by neurotrophins and other neuroactive chemicals to produce their effects on neuronal differentiation, survival, regeneration, and structural and functional plasticity. We found that lithium and valproate, commonly used mood stabilizers for the treatment of manic-depressive illness, stimulated the ERK pathway in the rat hippocampus and frontal cortex. Both drugs increased the levels of activated phospho-ERK44/42, activated phospho-ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1 (RSK1) (a substrate of ERK), phospho-CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) and phospho-B cell lymphoma protein-2 antagonist of cell death (substrates of RSK), and BDNF. Inhibiting the ERK pathway with the blood-brain barrier-penetrating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase)/ERK kinase (MEK) kinase inhibitor SL327, but not with the nonblood-brain barrier-penetrating MEK inhibitor U0126, decreased immobility time and increased swimming time of rats in the forced-swim test. SL327, but not U0126, also increased locomotion time and distance traveled in a large open field. The behavioral changes in the open field were prevented with chronic lithium pretreatment. SL327-induced behavioral changes are qualitatively similar to the changes induced by amphetamine, a compound that induces relapse in remitted manic patients and mood elevation in normal subjects. These data suggest that the ERK pathway may mediate the antimanic effects of mood stabilizers.

Haim Einat

Peixiong Yuan

Todd D. Gould

Jianling Li

JianHua Du

Lei Zhang

Husseini K. Manji

Guang Chen

The Role of the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling Pathway in Mood Modulation

胞外信号调节激酶信号通路在情绪调节中的作用

It has been shown recently that a significant portion of brain electrical field potentials consists of scale-free dynamics. These scale-free brain dynamics contain complex spatiotemporal structures and are modulated by task performance. Here we show that the fMRI signal recorded from the human brain is also scale free; its power-law exponent differentiates between brain networks and correlates with fMRI signal variance and brain glucose metabolism. Importantly, in parallel to brain electrical field potentials, the variance and power-law exponent of the fMRI signal decrease during task activation, suggesting that the signal contains more long-range memory during rest and conversely is more efficient at online information processing during task. Remarkably, similar changes also occurred in task-deactivated brain regions, revealing the presence of an optimal dynamic range in the fMRI signal. The scale-free properties of the fMRI signal and brain electrical field potentials bespeak their respective stationarity and nonstationarity. This suggests that neurovascular coupling mechanism is likely to contain a transformation from nonstationarity to stationarity. In summary, our results demonstrate the functional relevance of scale-free properties of the fMRI signal and impose constraints on future models of neurovascular coupling.

Biyu J. He

Scale-Free Properties of the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal during Rest and Task

静息与任务状态下功能性磁共振成像信号的无标度特性

Emotionally evocative messages can be an effective way to change behavior, but the neural pathways that translate messages into effects on individuals and populations are not fully understood. We used a human functional neuroimaging approach to ask how affect-, value-, and regulation-related brain systems interact to predict effects of graphic anti-smoking messages for individual smokers (both males and females) and within a population-level messaging campaign. Results indicated that increased activity in the amygdala, a region involved in affective reactivity, predicted both personal quit intentions and population-level information-seeking and this was mediated by activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), a region involved in computing an integrative value signal. Further, the predictive value of these regions was moderated by expression of a meta-analytically defined brain pattern indexing emotion regulation. That is, amygdala and vmPFC activity strongly tracked with population behavior only when participants showed low recruitment of this brain pattern, which consists of regions involved in goal-driven regulation of affective responses. Overall, these findings suggest that affective and value-related brain responses can predict the success of persuasive messages and that neural mechanisms of emotion regulation can shape these responses, moderating the extent to which they track with population-level message impact.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPeople and organizations often appeal to our emotions to persuade us, but how these appeals engage the brain to drive behavior is not fully understood. We present an fMRI-based model that integrates affect-, control-, and value-related brain responses to predict the impact of graphic anti-smoking stimuli within a small group of smokers and a larger-scale public messaging campaign. This model indicated that amygdala activity predicted the impact of the anti-smoking messages, but that this relationship was mediated by ventromedial prefrontal cortex and moderated by expression of a distributed brain pattern associated with regulating emotion. These results suggest that neural mechanisms of emotion regulation can shape the extent to which affect and value-related brain responses track with population behavioral effects.

Bruce P. Doré

Steven H. Tompson

Matthew B. O'Donnell

Lawrence C. An

Victor Strecher

Emily B. Falk

The Journal of Neuroscience

J. Neurosci.

Neural Mechanisms of Emotion Regulation Moderate the Predictive Value of Affective and Value-Related Brain Responses to Persuasive Messages

情绪调节的神经机制对说服性信息引起的情感和价值相关脑反应的预测价值具有调节作用

Real-world choice options have many features or attributes, whereas the reward outcome from those options only depends on a few features or attributes. It has been shown that humans learn and combine feature-based with more complex conjunction-based learning to tackle challenges of learning in naturalistic reward environments. However, it remains unclear how different learning strategies interact to determine what features or conjunctions should be attended to and control choice behavior, and how subsequent attentional modulations influence future learning and choice. To address these questions, we examined the behavior of male and female human participants during a three-dimensional learning task in which reward outcomes for different stimuli could be predicted based on a combination of an informative feature and conjunction. Using multiple approaches, we found that both choice behavior and reward probabilities estimated by participants were most accurately described by attention-modulated models that learned the predictive values of both the informative feature and the informative conjunction. Specifically, in the reinforcement learning model that best fit choice data, attention was controlled by the difference in the integrated feature and conjunction values. The resulting attention weights modulated learning by increasing the learning rate on attended features and conjunctions. Critically, modulating decision making by attention weights did not improve the fit of data, providing little evidence for direct attentional effects on choice. These results suggest that in multidimensional environments, humans direct their attention not only to selectively process reward-predictive attributes, but also to find parsimonious representations of the reward contingencies for more efficient learning. Significance Statement From trying exotic recipes to befriending new social groups, outcomes of real-life actions depend on many factors, but how do we learn the predictive values of those factors based on feedback we receive? It has been shown that humans simplify this problem by focusing on individual features that are most predictive of the outcomes but can extend their learning strategy to include combinations of features when necessary. Here, we examined interaction between attention and learning in a multidimensional reward environment that requires learning about individual features and their conjunctions. Using multiple approaches, we found that learning about features and conjunctions control attention in a cooperative manner and that the ensuing attentional modulations mainly affects future learning and not decision making.

Michael Chong Wang

Alireza Soltani

Contributions of attention to learning in multidimensional reward environments

多维奖励环境中注意力对学习的贡献

Working memory updating is an important executive process. Here, we study the single-neuron mechanisms involved in updating versus protecting memory from distractors in the macaque prefrontal cortex. We recorded single-neuron activity from the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and prearcuate cortex (PAC) while male monkeys performed a task that required them to update their memory of target locations while ignoring distractors. Our findings revealed that neurons in the PAC signaled updated memory locations approximately ∼100 ms after stimulus onset, significantly faster than the ∼400 ms observed in the LPFC. Additionally, PAC neurons exhibited longer encoding of distractor information. Population decoding analyses further indicated that distractor information was maintained in orthogonal subspaces from target information in both regions, minimizing interference. These results demonstrate the distinct temporal dynamics in memory updating processes between the PAC and LPFC and highlight the interplay between robust memory maintenance and updating, suggesting that local neural mechanisms may contribute to these processes.

Yichen Qian

Roger Herikstad

Camilo Libedinsky

Working memory updating in the macaque lateral prefrontal cortex

猕猴外侧前额叶皮层的记忆更新

The human brain exhibits high degree of individual variability in both its structure and function, which underlies inter-subject differences in cognition and behavior. It was previously shown that functional connectivity is more variable in the hetero-modal association cortex but less variable in the unimodal cortices. Structural connectivity is the anatomical substrate of functional connectivity, but the spatial and temporal patterns of individual variability in structural connectivity (IVSC) remain largely unknown. In the present study, we discovered a detailed and robust chart of IVSC obtained by applying diffusion MRI and tractography techniques to 1724 adults (770 males and 954 females) from multiple imaging datasets. Our results showed that the structural connectivity exhibited the highest and lowest variability in the limbic regions and the unimodal sensorimotor regions, respectively. With increased age, higher IVSC was observed across most brain regions. Moreover, the specific spatial distribution of IVSC is related to the cortical laminar differentiation and myelination content. Finally, we proposed a modified ridge regression model to predict individual cognition and generated idiographic brain mapping, which was significantly correlated with the spatial pattern of IVSC. Overall, our findings further contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of individual variability in brain structural connectivity and link to the prediction of individual cognitive function in adult subjects.

Weijie Huang

Haojie Chen

Zhenzhao Liu

Xinyi Dong

Guozheng Feng

Guangfang Liu

Aocai Yang

Zhanjun Zhang

Amir Shmuel

Li Su

Guolin Ma

Ni Shu

Individual Variability in the Structural Connectivity Architecture of the Human Brain

人脑结构连接组架构的个体差异性

Layer 4 of rabbit V1 contains fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons (suspected inhibitory interneurons, SINs) that receive potent synaptic input from the LGN and generate fast, local feed-forward inhibition. These cells display receptive fields with overlapping ON/OFF subregions, non-linear spatial summation, very broad orientation/directional tuning, and high spontaneous and visually-driven firing rates. Such fast-spike interneurons are also found in layer 5 (L5), which receives a much sparser input from the LGN, but the response properties and thalamocortical connectivity of L5 SINs are relatively unstudied. Here, we study L5 SINs in awake rabbits (both sexes) and compare their response properties with previously studied SINs of L4. We also assess thalamocortical connectivity of L5 SINs, examining both cross-correlation of retinotopically aligned LGN-SIN spike-trains and L5 SIN responses to electrical stimulation of the LGN. These analyses confirmed that many L5 SINs, like L4 SINs, receive a strong and fast monosynaptic drive from the LGN. Moreover, these LGN-connected L5 SINs had response properties that were similar to those of L4 SINs and were predominantly found in the upper half of L5. By contrast, L5 SINs with longer synaptic latencies to LGN stimulation displayed (1) sharper orientation tuning, (2) longer visual response latencies, (3) lower spontaneous and (4) visually-driven firing rates, and (5) were found in the deeper half of L5. We suggest that the long-latency synaptic responses in such L5 SINs reflects a multi-synaptic intracortical pathway that generates a different constellation of response properties than seen in L5 SINs that are driven directly by LGN input. Significance Statement Fast-spike GABAergic interneurons are found across the entire depth of the visual cortex but may have very different response properties and functions in each cortical layer depending on a host of factors that are specific to the different layers. In layer 4, they are known to receive potent synaptic input from the thalamus and generate fast, local feed-forward inhibition. In layer 5, they are thought to receive less direct thalamic input and be strongly dominated by intracortical input. Here, we show that some layer-5 interneurons receive powerful monosynaptic input from LGN and have visual response properties more similar to layer 4 interneurons than those receiving little direct LGN input.

Chuyi Su

Rosangela F Mendes-Platt

Jose-Manuel Alonso

Harvey A Swadlow

Yulia Bereshpolova

Fast-spike interneurons in visual cortical layer 5: Heterogeneous response properties are related to thalamocortical connectivity

视觉皮层第5层快速放电中间神经元：异质性反应特性与丘脑皮层连接相关

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are neurodegenerative diseases in which aberrant inflammatory processes are thought to contribute to progressive disability. Although MS is characterized by demyelinated lesions and AD by amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, both diseases involve the activation of resident macrophages known as microglia. Microglia act as central mediators of neuroinflammation through a variety of mechanisms including the release of immunomodulatory cytokines and phagocytosis of toxic debris, such as amyloid-β plaques and damaged myelin (Sen et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2023). Acute neuroinflammation can protect the nervous system; however, dysregulation of this response can lead to chronic and damaging effects. Consequently, microglia have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for these diseases. The triggering receptor expressed by myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a transmembrane protein that is a key regulator of microglia (Ulland and Colonna, 2018; Zhang et al., 2023). TREM2 recognizes damage-associated lipids and amyloid-β plaques and instructs microglia to respond to pathological insults by proliferating, initiating phagocytosis, and increasing energy metabolism (Schlepckow et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2023). Previous studies using animal models of AD and MS have shown that TREM2 is required for microglia to transition from a resting surveillance state into disease-associated microglia (DAM), which actively engage with core features of disease pathology. In AD models, TREM2 enables DAM to form protective barriers around amyloid-β plaques (Schlepckow et al., 2023). In demyelination models, used to study MS, TREM2 influences DAM recruitment to demyelination sites, clearance of myelin debris, and remyelination (Cignarella et al., 2020). Activated TREM2 is eventually cleaved, attenuating this response and releasing soluble TREM2 (sTREM2). The role of sTREM2 is unclear. It was initially considered a passive biomarker of AD pathology; however, more recent studies have shown that sTREM2 overexpression is associated with both beneficial and … Correspondence should be addressed to Juliette R. Houchois at juliette.houchois{at}medschool.ox.ac.uk.

Juliette R. Houchois

Jonathan E. Attwood

The Challenges of Modulating Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis with TREM2 Agonistic Antibodies

调节TREM2激动性抗体在阿尔茨海默病和多发性硬化症中神经炎症面临的挑战

Abbreviation	J. Neurosci.
Journal Impact	4.25
Quartiles(Global)	NEUROSCIENCES(Q1)

ISSN	0270-6474, 1529-2401
h-index	503
Top Journals	Yes

Publication Information	Publisher: Society for Neuroscience，Publishing cycle: Weekly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1981，Proportion of original research papers: 99.68%，Self Citation Rate:4.50%， Gold OA Rate: 73.45%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：平均12.0个月
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：约20%

Journal of Neuroscience

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