Frontiers of Oral Biology

Alpdogan Kantarci

Stephen Yen

Leslie A. Will

Frontiers of oral biology

Front Oral Biol

Conclusion and Future Directions

结论与未来方向

Classical descriptive epidemiology in the field of cleft lip and palate aims to quantify the problem, and in the higher income countries it is possible to do this with varying degrees of accuracy. This is not however possible in every country in the world, and epidemiology should seek to identify these data gaps with a view to improvement in the situation. Epidemiology must also be investigative and look for trends, associations and inter-population differences, with the aim of supporting aetiological research and advancing the translational agenda. This chapter is set out in three parts and seeks to address all three of the above areas. Birth defects in general and orofacial clefting in particular remain a relatively common and significant problem for not only the individual patients born with these defects in terms of death or disability, but also for their families and for society in general in terms of burden of care and health inequality. In high-income countries, despite very significant advances in treatment, problems in access to care and evidence base for cleft care still exist whereas in the developing world the consequences are lack of access to care and lack of infrastructure to help with quantification of the problem and consequently the ability to address it. The major questions in contemporary cleft lip and palate research surround ways of improving the evidence base for the treatment interventions used to optimise quality of care, and the ultimate scientific and humanitarian objective is primary prevention of those diseases and disorders that are preventable. Descriptive epidemiology underpins research enquiry in both of these major areas.

P.A. Mossey

B. Modell

Epidemiology of Oral Clefts 2012: An International Perspective

2012年口裂流行病学：国际视角

Wnt signaling regulates a variety of cell behaviors and represents a major pathway in development and disease. Mutations in Wnt genes and their downstream targets have been implicated in human craniofacial abnormalities, including the most prevalent birth defect, cleft lip with or without palate. Formation of the upper lip and palate is a complicated process and is composed of a series of highly coordinated steps during tissue morphogenesis, which are rigorously controlled by genetic networks. While genetic controls of lip/palate development have been extensively studied, the roles of Wnt signaling in these processes remained poorly understood. Within the cell, Wnt signaling is transduced in a β-catenin-dependent (canonical) or -independent (non-canonical) fashion. Recent studies have demonstrated that the canonical and non-canonical pathways play differential roles but both are essential in lip/palate development. Here we review these studies that have substantially advanced our knowledge by elucidating the function of Wnt signaling in upper lip formation, secondary palate development and their disease settings. These advances are important to delineate the genetic networks controlling craniofacial development and to develop personalized therapeutic strategies in related human birth defects in the future.

Fenglei He

YiPing Chen

Wnt Signaling in Lip and Palate Development

Wnt信号在唇腭发育中的作用

Tooth Movement

牙齿移动

The periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone are two critical tissues for understanding orthodontic tooth movement. The current literature is replete with descriptive studies of multiple cell types and their matrices in the PDL and alveolar bone, but is deficient with how stem/progenitor cells differentiate into PDL and alveolar bone cells. Can one type of orthodontic force with a specific magnitude and frequency activate osteoblasts, whereas another force type activates osteoclasts? This chapter will discuss the biology of not only mature cells and their matrices in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, but also stem/progenitor cells that differentiate into fibroblasts, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Key advances in tooth movement rely on further understanding of osteoblast and fibroblast differentiation from mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells, and osteoclastogenesis from the hematopoietic/monocyte lineage.

Nan Jiang

Weihua Guo

Mo Chen

Ying Zheng

Jian Zhou

Sahng Gyoon Kim

Mildred C. Embree

Karen Songhee Song

Heloisa F. Marao

Jeremy J. Mao

Periodontal Ligament and Alveolar Bone in Health and Adaptation: Tooth Movement

健康与适应中的牙周韧带和牙槽骨：牙齿移动

While acceleration of the orthodontic tooth movement by surgical techniques has been shown to be effective for decades, noninvasive and nonsurgical methods have always been preferred by both the clinicians and the patients. These techniques have ranged from application of biological molecules to innovative technologies such as resonance vibration, cyclic forces, light electrical currents, magnetic field forces, low-intensity laser irradiation and low-level light therapy. Endogenously produced biologicals have been tested based on their roles in the turnover of alveolar bone in response to orthodontic tooth movement as well as during wound healing. The premise behind this approach is that these exogenously applied compounds will mimic their counterparts produced in vivo. Meanwhile, technologies tested so far target these pathways for the acceleration of the orthodontic tooth movement. All these approaches have shown favorable outcomes with varying success. This chapter presents the current knowledge and a discussion over their limitations with an emphasis on the mechanism of action for each technique.

Konstantinia Almpani

Nonsurgical Methods for the Acceleration of the Orthodontic Tooth Movement

正畸牙齿移动加速的非手术方法

The regional acceleratory phenomenon (RAP) is a tissue reaction to a noxious stimulus that increases the healing capacities of the affected tissues. It is typical not only of hard tissues such as bone and cartilage, but also of soft tissues. The RAP is characterized by acceleration of the normal cellular activities, as an 'SOS' phenomenon of the body that has to respond to the new perturbation. In the alveolar bone, the RAP is characterized, at a cellular level, by increased activation of the basic multicellular units (BMUs), thereby increasing the remodeling space. At the tissue level, the RAP is characterized by the production of woven bone, with the typical unorganized pattern, that will be reorganized into lamellar bone at a later stage. In the alveolar bone, the RAP occurs typically in the healing process of the alveolar sockets after tooth extraction, in periodontal disease, after surgery and trauma and during orthodontic tooth movement. In relation to orthodontic tooth movement, the RAP can be seen as a tissue response to the mechanical cyclical perturbation that induces the formation of microdamage that has to be removed to avoid their accumulation and the following bone failure. The adaptation to the new orthodontically induced mechanical environment is ensured by an increased activation of the BMU that returns to normal levels after few months.

Carlalberta Verna

Regional Acceleratory Phenomenon

区域加速现象

Publication Information	Publisher: S. Karger AG，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: book-series，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2015，Proportion of original research papers: ，Self Citation Rate:， Gold OA Rate:

Frontiers of Oral Biology

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Conclusion and Future Directions

Epidemiology of Oral Clefts 2012: An International Perspective

Wnt Signaling in Lip and Palate Development

Tooth Movement

Periodontal Ligament and Alveolar Bone in Health and Adaptation: Tooth Movement

Periodontal Ligament and Alveolar Bone in Health and Adaptation: Tooth Movement

Nonsurgical Methods for the Acceleration of the Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Regional Acceleratory Phenomenon

Conclusion and Future Directions

Tooth Movement