该杂志发表生命科学领域的主题。只要核心学科在生物科学之内，一些问题还可能包括内容跨越到其他领域，如物理科学、社会科学、生物物理学、政策、经济学等。问题通常位于四个广泛的领域（尽管许多问题属于跨越这些领域）：有机体、环境和进化生物学神经科学和认知细胞、分子和发育生物学健康和疾病。

The journal "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" focuses on research in the field of biological sciences. As long as the core discipline falls within biological sciences, related issues may also span other fields such as physical sciences, social sciences, biophysics, policy, and economics. The journal typically covers four broad areas, although many issues cross these boundaries: organismal, environmental and evolutionary biology; neuroscience and cognition; cellular, molecular and developmental biology; health and disease.

《Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences》杂志专注于生命科学领域的研究。只要核心学科属于生物科学，相关问题也可能涉及其他领域，如物理科学、社会科学、生物物理学、政策和经济学等。期刊通常涵盖四个广泛的领域，尽管许多问题跨越这些领域：有机体、环境与进化生物学、神经科学与认知、细胞、分子与发育生物学、健康与疾病。

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Impatience—the failure to wait or tolerate delayed rewards (e.g. food, drug and monetary incentives)—is a common behavioural tendency in humans. However, when rigidly and rapidly expressed with limited regard for future, often negative consequences, impatient or impulsive actions underlie and confer susceptibility for such diverse brain disorders as drug addiction, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and major depressive disorder. Consequently, ‘waiting’ impulsivity has emerged as a candidate endophenotype to inform translational research on underlying neurobiological mechanisms and biomarker discovery for many of the so-called impulse-control disorders. Indeed, as reviewed in this article, this research enterprise has revealed a number of unexpected targets and mechanisms for intervention. However, in the context of drug addiction, impulsive decisions that maximize short-term gains (e.g. acute drug consumption) over longer-term punishment (e.g. unemployment, homelessness, personal harm) defines one aspect of impulsivity, which may or may not be related to rapid, unrestrained actions over shorter timescales. We discuss the relevance of this distinction in impulsivity subtypes for drug addiction with reference to translational research in humans and other animals. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications’.

Jeffrey W. Dalley

Karen D. Ersche

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences

Neural circuitry and mechanisms of waiting impulsivity: relevance to addiction

等待冲动性的神经回路和机制：与成瘾的相关性

The wheat gluten proteins correspond to the major storage proteins that are deposited in the starchy endosperm cells of the developing grain. These form a continuous proteinaceous matrix in the cells of the mature dry grain and are brought together to form a continuous viscoelastic network when flour is mixed with water to form dough. These viscoelastic properties underpin the utilization of wheat to give bread and other processed foods. One group of gluten proteins, the HMM subunits of glutenin, is particularly important in conferring high levels of elasticity (i.e. dough strength). These proteins are present in HMM polymers that are stabilized by disulphide bonds and are considered to form the ‘elastic backbone’ of gluten. However, the glutamine–rich repetitive sequences that comprise the central parts of the HMM subunits also form extensive arrays of interchain hydrogen bonds that may contribute to the elastic properties via a ‘loop and train’ mechanism. Genetic engineering can be used to manipulate the amount and composition of the HMM subunits, leading to either increased dough strength or to more drastic changes in gluten structure and properties.

P. R. Shewry

N. G. Halford

P. S. Belton

A. S. Tatham

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

The structure and properties of gluten: an elastic protein from wheat grain

小麦谷物中弹性蛋白 gluten 的结构与性质

Community coalescence, the mixing of different communities, is widespread throughout microbial ecology. Coalescence can result in approximately equal contributions from the founding communities or dominance of one community over another. These different outcomes have ramifications for community structure and function in natural communities, and the use of microbial communities in biotechnology and medicine. However, we have little understanding of when a particular outcome might be expected. Here, we integrate existing theory and data to speculate on how a crucial characteristic of microbial communities-the type of species interaction that dominates the community-might affect the outcome of microbial community coalescence. Given the often comparable timescales of microbial ecology and microevolution, we explicitly consider ecological and evolutionary dynamics, and their interplay, in determining coalescence outcomes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Conceptual challenges in microbial community ecology'.

Meaghan Castledine

Pawel Sierocinski

Daniel Padfield

Angus Buckling

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

Community coalescence: an eco-evolutionary perspective

社区融合：一个生态进化的视角

This article explains the history, from 1600 BC to 2008, of materials that are today termed ‘plastics’. It includes production volumes and current consumption patterns of five main commodity plastics: polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate. The use of additives to modify the properties of these plastics and any associated safety, in use, issues for the resulting polymeric materials are described. A comparison is made with the thermal and barrier properties of other materials to demonstrate the versatility of plastics. Societal benefits for health, safety, energy saving and material conservation are described, and the particular advantages of plastics in society are outlined. Concerns relating to littering and trends in recycling of plastics are also described. Finally, we give predictions for some of the potential applications of plastic over the next 20 years.

Anthony L. Andrady

Mike A. Neal

Applications and societal benefits of plastics

塑料的应用及其社会效益

A dipnoan species from the Emsian of Guangxi, China, Sorbitorhynchus deleaskitus , which has previously been diagnosed in the appendix to a more general paper on dipnoan phylogeny (Cambell &amp; Barwick 1990), is described in detail. The head is large and heavily ossified, with cosmine on the external dermal bones. The dental plates are thick and have few poorly defined large tuberosities towards their anterolateral edges. It is the only Early Devonian dipnoan for which the full hyoid arch, gular, basibranchial, and submandibular plates are preserved, and in which the parasphenoid is clearly defined. In many features the genus is more advanced than Dipnorhynchus , but in none is it more advanced than Dipterus , apart from the loss of the buccohypophysial foramen. It gives a new perspective on late Emsian evolution of the group, and reinforces our concept of an independently developing dentine-plated line contemporaneous with a true tooth-plated line.

Wang Shitao

V. Drapala

R. E. Barwick

K. S. W. Campbell

The dipnoan species, <i>Sorbitorhynchus deleaskitus</i> , from the Lower Devonian of Guangxi, China

Social traits are expected to experience highly context-dependent selection, but we know little about the contextual factors that shape selection on social behaviours. We hypothesized that the fitness consequences of social interactions will depend on the age of social partners, and therefore that population age structure will shape evolutionary pressures on sociality. Here, we investigate the consequences of age variation at multiple levels of social organization for both individual fitness and sexual selection on social network traits. We experimentally manipulated the age composition of populations of the forked fungus beetle Bolitotherus cornutus , creating 12 replicate populations with either young or old age structures. We found that fitness is associated with variance in age at three different levels of organization: the individual, interacting social partners, and the population. Older individuals have higher reproductive success, males pay a fitness cost when they interact with old males and females achieve lower fitness in older populations. In addition to influencing fitness, population age structure also altered the selection acting on social network position in females. Female sociality is under positive selection only in old populations. Our results highlight age structure as an understudied demographic variable shaping the landscape of selection on social behaviour. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘Understanding age and society using natural populations’.

Phoebe A. Cook

Robin A. Costello

Edmund D. Brodie III

Vincent Formica

Population age structure shapes selection on social behaviour in a long-lived insect

长寿昆虫中人口年龄结构对社会行为选择的影响

The role of sociality in the demography of animals has become an intense focus of research in recent decades. However, efforts to understand the sociality–demography nexus have hitherto focused on single species or isolated taxonomic groups. Consequently, we lack generality regarding how sociality associates with demographic traits within the Animal Kingdom. Here, I propose a continuum of sociality, from solitary to tightly social, and test whether this continuum correlates with the key demographic properties of 152 species, from jellyfish to humans. After correction for body mass and phylogenetic relationships, I show that the sociality continuum is associated with key life history traits: more social species live longer, postpone maturity, have longer generation time and greater probability of achieving reproduction than solitary, gregarious, communal or colonial species. Contrary to the social buffering hypothesis, sociality does not result in more buffered populations. While more social species have a lower ability to benefit from disturbances, they display greater resistance than more solitary species. Finally, I also show that sociality does not shape reproductive or actuarial senescence rates. This cross-taxonomic examination of sociality across the demography of 13 taxonomic classes highlights key ways in which individual interactions shape most aspects of animal demography. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘Understanding age and society using natural populations’.

Roberto Salguero-Gómez

More social species live longer, have longer generation times and longer reproductive windows

社会性更强的物种寿命更长，世代时间更长，繁殖窗口期也更长

Humans become more selective with whom they spend their time, and as a result, the social networks of older humans are smaller than those of younger ones. In non-human animals, processes such as competition and opportunity can result in patterns of declining sociality with age. While there is support for declining sociality with age in mammals, evidence from wild bird populations is lacking. Here, we test whether sociality declines with age in a wild, insular bird population, where we know the exact ages of individuals. Using 6 years of sociality data, we find that as birds aged, their degree and betweenness decreased. The number of same-age birds still alive also decreased with age. Our results suggest that a longitudinal change in sociality with age may be, in part, an emergent effect of natural changes in demography. This highlights the need to investigate the changing costs and benefits of sociality across a lifetime. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘Understanding age and society using natural populations’.

Julia Schroeder

Jamie Dunning

Alex Hoi Han Chan

Heung Ying Janet Chik

Terry Burke

Not so social in old age: demography as one driver of decreasing sociality

老年不再那么社交：人口学作为社交性下降的一个驱动因素

A long-term study of a population of desert seed-eating ant colonies of the red harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus , in New Mexico, USA, shows that a colony can live for 20–30 years—the lifespan of its founding queen. A colony’s collective behaviour shifts in the course of its life history. These changes, generated by social interactions within the colony, adjust the behaviour of the colony as it grows older and larger, in response to its environment and neighbouring colonies. A worker lives only a year and performs different tasks as it ages, in response to interactions with other workers and the local surroundings. A colony’s behaviour changes—becoming more stable and consistent—as the colony grows older, with more ants to participate in social interactions. A neighbourhood of colonies, often of similar age, grows old together. Colonies differ in how they regulate foraging behaviour collectively to manage water loss. These differences influence how foragers of neighbouring colonies partition foraging area. In a harsh but stable environment, the gradual behavioural shifts over a colony’s lifespan allow it to adjust to slow changes in the composition of its neighbourhood and in environmental conditions. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘Understanding age and society using natural populations’

Deborah M. Gordon

The life history of harvester ant colonies

收获蚁群的生命史

The age of individuals has consequences not only for their fitness and behaviour but also for the functioning of the groups they form. Because social behaviour often changes with age, population age structure is expected to shape the social organization, the social environments individuals experience and the operation of social processes within populations. Although research has explored changes in individual social behaviour with age, particularly in controlled settings, there is limited understanding of how age structure governs sociality in wild populations. Here, we synthesize previous research into age-related effects on social processes in natural populations, and discuss the links between age structure, sociality and ecology, specifically focusing on how population age structure might influence social structure and functioning. We highlight the potential for using empirical data from natural populations in combination with social network approaches to uncover pathways linking individual social ageing, population age structure and societal functioning. We discuss the broader implications of these insights for understanding the social impacts of anthropogenic effects on animal population demography and for building a deeper understanding of societal ageing in general. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘Understanding age and society using natural populations’.

Joe P. Woodman

Samin Gokcekus

Kristina B. Beck

Jonathan P. Green

Dan H. Nussey

Josh A. Firth

The ecology of ageing in wild societies: linking age structure and social behaviour

野生社会中的衰老生态学：连接年龄结构与社会行为

Abbreviation	Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B
Journal Impact	5.53
Quartiles(Global)	BIOLOGY(Q1)

ISSN	0962-8436, 1471-2970
h-index	319
Top Journals	Yes

Publication Information	Publisher: Royal Society Publishing，Publishing cycle: Monthly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1970，Proportion of original research papers: 64.71%，Self Citation Rate:3.70%， Gold OA Rate: 49.68%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：一般,3-6周
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：较难

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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