OPTOMETRY AND VISION SCIENCE 是美国验光学会的月度同行评审科学出版物，自 1924 年以来发表原创研究。 OPTOMETRY AND VISION SCIENCE 是国际公认的关于当前验光、生理光学、视觉科学发现的教育和信息来源，及相关领域。该杂志考虑了推动临床实践、视觉科学和公共卫生的原创性贡献。作者应该记住，该杂志的读者遍及全球，他们的投稿应该与广大读者相关并引起他们的兴趣。主题优先事项包括但不限于：临床和实验室研究、循证审查、隐形眼镜、眼球生长和屈光不正发展、眼球运动、视觉功能和感知、眼睛生物学和眼部疾病、流行病学和公共卫生，生物医学光学和仪器，新颖和重要的临床观察和治疗，以及验光教育。

Optometry and Vision Science is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of the American Academy of Optometry, publishing original research since 1924. It is internationally recognized as a key source of education and information on current discoveries in optometry, physiological optics, and vision science, as well as related fields. The journal welcomes original contributions that advance clinical practice, vision science, and public health. Authors should keep in mind that the readership of the journal is global, and their submissions should be relevant and engaging to a wide audience. Priority topics include, but are not limited to: clinical and laboratory research, evidence-based reviews, contact lenses, ocular growth and refractive development, eye movements, visual function and perception, ocular biology and eye diseases, epidemiology and public health, biomedical optics and instrumentation, novel and significant clinical observations and treatments, and optometric education.

《Optometry and Vision Science》是美国验光学会的月度同行评审科学期刊，自1924年以来发表原创研究。该期刊被国际公认为关于当前验光、生理光学和视觉科学发现的重要教育和信息来源，涵盖相关领域。期刊欢迎推动临床实践、视觉科学和公共卫生的原创性贡献。作者应考虑到该期刊的读者遍布全球，因此投稿内容应与广大读者相关并引起他们的兴趣。主题优先事项包括但不限于：临床和实验室研究、循证审查、隐形眼镜、眼球生长和屈光不正发展、眼球运动、视觉功能和感知、眼睛生物学和眼部疾病、流行病学和公共卫生、生物医学光学和仪器、新颖和重要的临床观察和治疗，以及验光教育。

Optometry and Vision Science

To investigate the effect of orthokeratology (ortho-k) treatment on choroidal thickness and its relationship with axial length change.Seventy-seven myopic subjects aged between 7 and 17 years were treated with ortho-k lenses (n = 39) or single-vision spectacle lenses (SVL, n = 38). Choroidal thickness and axial length measurements were taken at baseline and repeated 1 week and 3 weeks after lens wear for the ortho-k group and at 3 weeks for the SVL group. Parafoveal choroidal thickness was assessed using optical coherence tomography and segmented into nine regions according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) within a 6 × 6 mm circular zone centered on the fovea. Axial length was measured using partial coherence interferometry. The changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness were compared to the changes in axial length in both study groups.The change in axial length was significantly correlated with the change in choroidal thickness in both groups at 3 weeks (ortho-k, r = -0.351, p = 0.028 vs. SVL, r = -0.408, p = 0.011). Parafoveal choroidal thickness increased after 3 weeks of lens wear in the ortho-k group (mean, 21.8 ± 25.2 μm) but did not change in the SVL group (mean, 0.1 ± 19.7 μm). Choroidal thickness significantly varied across the posterior retinal regions (F = 82.14, p < 0.001), with the temporal regions being thickest and nasal regions being thinnest. After 3 weeks of ortho-k treatment, the magnitude of change (range, 14.1-27.6 μm) in choroidal thickness of the nine ETDRS regions was proportional to the baseline choroidal thickness in those regions (r = 0.88, p = 0.002). Axial length did not significantly change over time (F = 0.001, p = 0.975) and did not differ between the two treatment modalities (F = 0.305, p = 0.582).Choroidal thickness increases after short-term ortho-k treatment. Regional choroidal thickening after ortho-k treatment may be attributable to the altered retinal defocus profile associated with ortho-k lens wear.

Zhi Chen

Feng Xue

Jiaqi Zhou

Xiaomei Qu

Xingtao Zhou

Optom Vis Sci

Effects of Orthokeratology on Choroidal Thickness and Axial Length

角膜塑形术对脉络膜厚度和眼轴长度的影响

Reducing the incidence or prevalence of any disease by 40% is of huge public health significance. Slowing myopia by 1 diopter may do just that for myopic maculopathy-the most common and serious sight-threatening complication of myopia. There is a growing interest in slowing the progression of myopia due to its increasing prevalence around the world, the sight-threatening consequences of higher levels of myopia, and the growing evidence-based literature supporting a variety of therapies for its control. We apply data from five large population-based studies of the prevalence of myopic maculopathy on 21,000 patients. We show that a 1-diopter increase in myopia is associated with a 67% increase in the prevalence of myopic maculopathy. Restated, slowing myopia by 1 diopter should reduce the likelihood of a patient developing myopic maculopathy by 40%. Furthermore, this treatment benefit accrues regardless of the level of myopia. Thus, while the overall risk of myopic maculopathy is higher in a -6-diopter myope than in a -3-diopter myope, slowing their myopic progression by 1 diopter during childhood should lower the risk by 40% in both.

Mark A. Bullimore

Noel A. Brennan

Myopia Control: Why Each Diopter Matters

近视控制：为何每屈光度都至关重要

Combining 0.01% atropine with soft multifocal contact lenses (SMCLs) failed to demonstrate better myopia control than SMCLs alone.The Bifocal & Atropine in Myopia (BAM) Study investigated whether combining 0.01% atropine and SMCLs with +2.50-D add power leads to greater slowing of myopia progression and axial elongation than SMCLs alone.Participants of the BAM Study wore SMCLs with +2.50-D add power daily and administered 0.01% atropine eye drops nightly (n = 46). The BAM subjects (bifocal-atropine) were age-matched to 46 participants in the Bifocal Lenses in Nearsighted Kids Study who wore SMCLs with +2.50-D add power (bifocal) and 46 Bifocal Lenses in Nearsighted Kids participants who wore single-vision contact lenses (single vision). The primary outcome was the 3-year change in spherical equivalent refractive error determined by cycloplegic autorefraction, and the 3-year change in axial elongation was also evaluated.Of the total 138 subjects, the mean ± standard deviation age was 10.1 ± 1.2 years, and the mean ± standard deviation spherical equivalent was -2.28 ± 0.89 D. The 3-year adjusted mean myopia progression was -0.52 D for bifocal-atropine, -0.55 D for bifocal, and -1.09 D for single vision. The difference in myopia progression was 0.03 D (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.14 to 0.21 D) for bifocal-atropine versus bifocal and 0.57 D (95% CI, 0.38 to 0.77 D) for bifocal-atropine versus single vision. The 3-year adjusted axial elongation was 0.31 mm for bifocal-atropine, 0.39 mm for bifocal, and 0.68 mm for single vision. The difference in axial elongation was -0.08 mm (95% CI, -0.16 to 0.002 mm) for bifocal-atropine versus bifocal and -0.37 mm (95% CI, -0.46 to -0.28 mm) for bifocal-atropine versus single vision.Adding 0.01% atropine to SMCLs with +2.50-D add power failed to demonstrate better myopia control than SMCLs alone.

Jenny Huang Jones

Donald O. Mutti

Lisa A. Jones-Jordan

Jeffrey J. Walline

Effect of Combining 0.01% Atropine with Soft Multifocal Contact Lenses on Myopia Progression in Children

0.01%阿托品联合软性多焦隐形眼镜对儿童近视进展的影响

To objectively assess daily light exposure and physical activity levels in myopic and emmetropic children.One hundred two children (41 myopes and 61 emmetropes) aged 10 to 15 years old had simultaneous objective measures of ambient light exposure and physical activity collected over a 2-week period during school term, using a wrist-worn actigraphy device (Actiwatch 2). Measures of visible light illuminance and physical activity were captured every 30 seconds, 24 hours a day over this period. Mean hourly light exposure and physical activity for weekdays and weekends were examined. To ensure that seasonal variations did not confound comparisons, the light and activity data of the 41 myopes was compared with 41 age- and gender-matched emmetropes who wore the Actiwatch over the same 2-week period.Mean light exposure and physical activity for all 101 children with valid data exhibited significant changes with time of day and day of the week (p < 0.0001). On average, greater daily light exposure occurred on weekends compared to weekdays (p < 0.05), and greater physical activity occurred on weekdays compared to weekends (p < 0.01). Myopic children (n = 41, mean daily light exposure 915 ± 519 lx) exhibited significantly lower average light exposure compared to 41 age- and gender-matched emmetropic children (1272 ± 625 lx, p < 0.01). The amount of daily time spent in bright light conditions (>1000 lx) was also significantly greater in emmetropes (127 ± 51 minutes) compared to myopes (91 ± 44 minutes, p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between the average daily physical activity levels of myopes and emmetropes (p > 0.05).Myopic children exhibit significantly lower daily light exposure, but no significant difference in physical activity compared to emmetropic children. This suggests the important factor involved in documented associations between myopia and outdoor activity is likely exposure to bright outdoor light rather than greater physical activity.

Scott A Read

Michael J Collins

Stephen J Vincent

Light Exposure and Physical Activity in Myopic and Emmetropic Children

近视和正视儿童的暴露光和身体活动

ABSTRACT SIGNIFICANCE Exposure to long-wavelength light has been proposed as a potential intervention to slow myopia progression in children. This article provides an evidence-based review of the safety and myopia control efficacy of red light and discusses the potential mechanisms by which red light may work to slow childhood myopia progression. The spectral composition of the ambient light in the visual environment has powerful effects on eye growth and refractive development. Studies in mammalian and primate animal models (macaque monkeys and tree shrews) have shown that daily exposure to long-wavelength (red or amber) light promotes slower eye growth and hyperopia development and inhibits myopia induced by form deprivation or minus lens wear. Consistent with these results, several recent randomized controlled clinical trials in Chinese children have demonstrated that exposure to red light for 3 minutes twice a day significantly reduces myopia progression and axial elongation. These findings have collectively provided strong evidence for the potential of using red light as a myopia control intervention in clinical practice. However, several questions remain unanswered. In this article, we review the current evidence on the safety and efficacy of red light as a myopia control intervention, describe potential mechanisms, and discuss some key unresolved issues that require consideration before red light can be broadly translated into myopia control in children.

Aaron D. Salzano

Safal Khanal

Nathan L. Cheung

Katherine K. Weise

Erin C. Jenewein

Darryl M. Horn

Timothy J. Gawne

Repeated Low-level Red-light Therapy: The Next Wave in Myopia Management?

重复低水平红光疗法：近视管理的下一波浪潮？

SIGNIFICANCE Topical cyclosporine A (CsA) for the treatment of dry eye disease is often associated with instillation discomfort, which may negatively influence patient adherence to therapy. This study found that refrigerating topical CsA reduced instillation discomfort compared with instillation of warm CsA. Thus, refrigerating CsA prior to instillation may improve patient experience when using CsA to manage dry eye disease. PURPOSE This study aimed to quantify instillation discomfort associated with cold or warm instillation of a 0.09% CsA. METHODS Forty participants with symptomatic aqueous deficient dry eye were enrolled. A drop of cold (4°C) CsA was instilled in one eye, and a drop of warm (23°C) CsA was instilled in the other eye. The order and eye receiving the cold drop were randomized. Participants rated the discomfort of each eye (0, no discomfort; 10, maximal discomfort) prior to drop instillation, immediately post-instillation, and at each subsequent minute for 10 minutes. Area under the curve was used to quantify cumulative discomfort. RESULTS Forty participants (39.6 ± 18.9 years old, 82% female) completed the study. A majority of participants (n = 24, 60%) experienced reduced cumulative discomfort with cold CsA, whereas the remainder experienced minimal difference (n = 10, 25%) or increased cumulative discomfort (n = 6, 15%). For those with reduced discomfort (n = 24), cumulative discomfort associated with cold instillation (median, 11.5 [2.2, 20.0]) was significantly lower (p&lt;0.01) than cumulative discomfort associated with warm instillation (median, 17.5 [11.2, 32.2]). Cold instillation was associated with a median reduction of 1 discomfort point immediately post-instillation and at all subsequent time points (all p≤0.04, but not significant at t = 10), compared with warm instillation. CONCLUSIONS Up to 60% of participants found that cold instillation of CsA solution induced less discomfort than warm instillation, lasting up to 9 minutes post-instillation. In contrast, although 15% of participants found reduced discomfort with warm instillation, the magnitude of discomfort associated with warm instillation was not significantly different than cold instillation.

William Ngo

Nijani Nagaarudkumaran

Cassandra Bonnie Huynh

Refrigeration reduces instillation discomfort of a 0.09% cyclosporine A solution

冷藏降低0.09%环孢素A溶液的滴注不适

SIGNIFICANCE Evaporative dry eye disease, due to meibomian gland dysfunction, causes significant suffering for millions of people globally, yet satisfactory long-term treatment remains elusive for many. Investigation of potential therapies for meibomian gland dysfunction is therefore of high importance to clinicians and their patients. PURPOSE This study aimed to compare the efficacy of a new device for meibomian gland debridement and expression to that of the conventional way of providing this treatment. METHODS Thirty participants (mean age, 36.4 ± 15.4 years; 77% female) fulfilling current Tear Film &amp; Ocular Surface Society diagnostic criteria for dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction were recruited (Research Registry, 10340). Fifteen participants each were randomized to receive a single treatment with either traditional debridement (using a golf-club spud), heating (10 minutes of Blepha EyeBag, Théa Laboratories, Clermont-Ferrand, France) and expression (with forceps), or the multimodal MGrx, which comprises a handheld device with heated debridement, massage, and expression attachments. Symptomatology, tear film, and ocular surface measures were assessed at baseline and at 4 and 8 weeks post-treatment. RESULTS Ocular Surface Disease Index, 5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire, and Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye symptom questionnaire scores all improved significantly with both treatments (all p&lt;0.001), with no subsequent deterioration for at least 8 weeks. The improvement was similar between treatment groups (all p&gt;0.05). Clinical signs, of blink rate, tear film quality and quantity, ocular surface characteristics, and meibomian gland expressibility, were all unchanged with both treatments (all p&gt;0.05) except for noninvasive tear breakup time, which deteriorated in the conventional treatment group (p=0.006) between 4 and 8 weeks post-treatment. No adverse reactions were reported, and all participants were able to tolerate treatment. CONCLUSIONS A single application of meibomian gland debridement and expression resulted in sustained improvements in the symptoms of dry eye disease, in both treatment groups. The MGrx device provides a safe and effective in-office treatment for evaporative dry eye disease, and has time and space advantages compared with conventional treatment.

David A. Semp

Debarun Dutta

James S. Wolffsohn

Randomized clinical trial: MGrx versus standard debridement and expression for meibomian gland dysfunction

随机对照临床试验：MGrx与标准清创和挤压治疗睑板腺功能障碍的比较

SIGNIFICANCE Myopia prevalence has increased over the last few decades. Studies have documented that the choroid is considered an important biomarker in myopia development. As myopia and choroidal thinning are associated with increased glaucoma risk, understanding the role of the choroid in myopia and glaucoma is imperative. PURPOSE This study investigates the effect of transiently elevated intraocular pressure on axial length, subfoveal choroidal thickness, and central retinal thickness in emmetropes, low myopes, and high myopes. METHODS This study involved 29 young adults (23 ± 1 years), including 10 emmetropes (−0.50 D &lt; SE &lt; +0.50 D), 10 low myopes (−6.00 D &lt; SE ≤ −0.50 D), and 9 high myopes (SE ≤ −6.00 D). Participants were fitted with modified swimming goggles for 5 minutes to transiently change intraocular pressure. Noncontact tonometry, optical biometry, and optical coherence tomography were used to measure intraocular pressure, axial length, central retinal thickness, and subfoveal choroidal thickness, respectively. Measurements were taken at before, during goggle wear, immediately after, and 3 minutes after goggles removal. Repeated-measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni adjustment was used to assess the effect of transiently changed intraocular pressure and to elucidate any differences between refractive groups in response to the intraocular pressure change. RESULTS Intraocular pressure increased by 1.7 ± 2.1 mmHg (p=0.002) from baseline, accompanied by axial elongation of 14 ± 21 μm (p = 0.012) and subfoveal choroidal thinning of 13 ± 15 μm (p=0.01). However, central retinal thickness did not change significantly (p&gt;0.05). Most of the changes in the axial length were due to changes in the choroidal thickness. Observed changes returned to baseline immediately following goggles removal. There was no significant difference between refractive error groups' changes associated with the transient increase in intraocular pressure (p&gt;0.05). CONCLUSIONS Transiently increased intraocular pressure caused temporary axial elongation and subfoveal choroidal thinning, with no significant differences between refractive groups. Further studies are required to assess the impact of long-term increased intraocular pressure on ocular components.

Hamed Niyazmand

Vibu Jeyakumar

Ian Feng

Lisa Jansen

Anson Mahindra

Amy Menage

Khyber Alam

The effect of transient increase in intraocular pressure on subfoveal choroidal thickness

短暂性眼内压升高对黄斑下脉络膜厚度的影响

SIGNIFICANCE Acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) is a rare disease that causes transient or permanent visual disturbance. The exact etiology remains unknown, but vascular compromise of the deep retinal capillary plexus was postulated as the main mechanism. Retinal vascular event post–coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is recently highlighted during the pandemic, which includes AMN. PURPOSE To report a case of AMN post–COVID-19 infection. CASE REPORT A 24-year-old Indian woman presented with acute-onset painless bilateral central scotoma for a day. The symptom was preceded by a history of COVID-19 infection 3 weeks prior. Ocular examination revealed a near-normal visual acuity for both eyes. Fundus examination showed bilateral dull foveal reflex with mild scattered cotton wool spot and vascular tortuosity. Optical coherence tomography macula revealed a distinct short hyperreflective band involving the outer plexiform and outer nuclear layers nasal to the fovea. The Bjerrum perimetry test revealed central scotoma temporal to the fixation. Optical coherence tomography lesions and scotomas are identical and congruous in both eyes. Serial fundus photographs are captured showing the evolving changes of near-normal macula to pigmented wedge-shaped petaloid lesions around the fovea. The patient was diagnosed as bilateral AMN and treated with oral prednisolone. On subsequent follow-up, the central scotoma improved. CONCLUSIONS This case illustrates a clear temporal and possible causal relationship of COVID-19 infection with AMN. Further studies and data are required to justify its association, but the rising cases of AMN shall be anticipated as COVID-19 infections have become endemic worldwide.

Nur Ain Mohamad

Meng Hsien Yong

Safinaz Mohd Khialdin

Mae-Lynn Catherine Bastion

Case report: Acute macular neuroretinopathy post–COVID-19 infection

病例报告：COVID-19感染后急性黄斑神经视网膜病变

SIGNIFICANCE Vitamin E could be used as a coating with commercial silicone hydrogel lenses to extend the release of various ophthalmic drugs. This concept could provide a promising approach to improve overall ocular therapeutic outcomes for topical ocular drugs. PURPOSE This study aimed to develop a contact lens–based ocular drug delivery system using vitamin E as a diffusion barrier to extend the release duration of ciprofloxacin. METHODS Five commercial lenses were soaked for 24 hours in various concentrations of vitamin E dissolved in ethanol (0.0125 to 0.2 g/mL). The lenses were loaded with ciprofloxacin for 24 hours in 3 mL of 3 mg/mL of ciprofloxacin/acetic acid solution. The drug release was evaluated in 3 mL of phosphate-buffered saline solution. At t = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 24 hours, the amount of ciprofloxacin released was measured using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer at 270 nm. RESULTS There was a decrease in ciprofloxacin loading with increasing amounts of vitamin E loaded into the silicone hydrogel lenses. For each lens type, there was an optimal amount of vitamin E loaded that extended the release duration of the drug from 1 hour (without vitamin E) to as long as 16 hours. In contrast, vitamin E loaded into hydrogel lenses had no effect on the amounts of drugs loaded or the release duration. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin E can be used as a diffusion barrier with commercially available silicone hydrogel lenses to provide sustained release of ciprofloxacin. The results suggest that vitamin E may form blockages in channels within a silicone hydrogel lens material, thereby forcing a longer path for drugs to diffuse into and out of the lens material. There is an optimal amount of vitamin E that needs to be loaded to extend the release duration, and this is lens material dependent.

Mehdi Al Atrach

Chau-Minh Phan

Lyndon W. Jones

Extended release of ciprofloxacin from commercial silicone-hydrogel and conventional hydrogel contact lenses containing vitamin E diffusion barriers

含维生素E扩散屏障的商业硅水凝胶和传统水凝胶隐形眼镜中环丙沙星的缓释

Abbreviation	Optom Vis Sci
Journal Impact	1.57
Quartiles(Global)	OPHTHALMOLOGY(Q3)

ISSN	1040-5488, 1538-9235
h-index	115

Publication Information	Publisher: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Ltd.，Publishing cycle: Monthly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1924，Proportion of original research papers: 95.83%，Self Citation Rate:6.20%， Gold OA Rate: 14.29%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：一般,3-6周
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：容易

Optometry and Vision Science

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