Field Methods (formerly Cultural Anthropology Methods) is devoted to articles about the methods used by field wzorkers in the social and behavioral sciences and humanities for the collection, management, and analysis data about human thought and/or human behavior in the natural world. Articles should focus on innovations and issues in the methods used, rather than on the reporting of research or theoretical/epistemological questions about research. High-quality articles using qualitative and quantitative methods-- from scientific or interpretative traditions-- dealing with data collection and analysis in applied and scholarly research from writers in the social sciences, humanities, and related professions are all welcome in the pages of the journal.

Field Methods (formerly Cultural Anthropology Methods) is dedicated to articles about the methods used by field workers in the social and behavioral sciences and humanities for collecting, managing, and analyzing data about human thought and behavior in the natural world. Articles should focus on innovations and issues in the methods used, rather than on reporting research or theoretical/epistemological questions about research. We welcome high-quality articles using qualitative and quantitative methods—from scientific or interpretative traditions—dealing with data collection and analysis in applied and scholarly research from writers in the social sciences, humanities, and related professions.

《Field Methods》（前称《文化人类学方法》）专注于社会科学、行为科学和人文学科领域的田野工作者所使用的方法，旨在收集、管理和分析关于人类思想和行为的数据。文章应着重于方法的创新和相关问题，而非研究结果或理论/认识论问题的报告。我们欢迎来自社会科学、人文学科及相关专业的作者提交高质量的文章，这些文章可以采用定性或定量方法，涉及应用和学术研究中的数据收集与分析。

Field Methods

Previous research has shown that check-all-that-apply (CATA) and forced-choice (FC) question formats do not produce comparable results. The cognitive processes underlying respondents’ answers to both types of formats still require clarification. This study contributes to filling this gap by using eye-tracking data. Both formats are compared by analyzing attention processes and the cognitive effort respondents spend while answering one factual and one opinion question, respectively. No difference in cognitive effort spent on the factual question was found, whereas for the opinion question, respondents invested more cognitive effort in the FC than in the CATA condition. The findings indicate that higher endorsement in FC questions cannot only be explained by question format. Other possible causes are discussed.

Cornelia E. Neuert

Processing Forced-choice versus Check-all-that-apply Question Formats

This article discusses some procedural issues related to the mixed-methods sequential explanatory design, which implies collecting and analyzing quantitative and then qualitative data in two consecutive phases within one study. Such issues include deciding on the priority or weight given to the quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis in the study, the sequence of the data collection and analysis, and the stage/stages in the research process at which the quantitative and qualitative data are connected and the results are integrated. The article provides a methodological overview of priority, implementation, and mixing in the sequential explanatory design and offers some practical guidance in addressing those issues. It also outlines the steps for graphically representing the procedures in a mixed-methods study. A mixed-methods sequential explanatory study of doctoral students’ persistence in a distance-learning program in educational leadership is used to illustrate the methodological discussion.

Nataliya V. Ivankova

John W. Creswell

Sheldon L. Stick

Using Mixed-Methods Sequential Explanatory Design: From Theory to Practice

The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive view of the case study process from the researcher's perspective, emphasizing methodological considerations. As opposed to other qualitative or quantitative research strategies, such as grounded theory or surveys, there are virtually no specific requirements guiding case research. This is both the strength and the weakness of this approach. It is a strength because it allows tailoring the design and data collection procedures to the research questions. On the other hand, this approach has resulted in many poor case studies, leaving it open to criticism, especially from the quantitative field of research. This article argues that there is a particular need in case studies to be explicit about the methodological choices one makes. This implies discussing the wide range of decisions concerned with design requirements, data collection procedures, data analysis, and validity and reliability. The approach here is to illustrate these decisions through a particular case study of two mergers in the financial industry in Norway.

Christine Benedichte Meyer

A Case in Case Study Methodology

案例研究方法中的案例

Research Driven Dialogs (RDDs) are a method for collective sense-making and collaborative reflection on research findings by a range of stakeholders hoping to better understand and address a complex problem. Research findings are opened up through a process of dialog; implications for practice and action are co-designed by participants in ways that are compatible with institutional and sociocultural realities. RDDs thereby coproduce knowledge in ways that maximize social impact and deepen and contextualize scholarly insights without imposing excessive time-burdens on stakeholders. We present an overview of the stages of RDDs through a development leadership project in Sri Lanka and Indonesia, outlining how these can be designed to maximize research outcomes and extraneous benefits.

Tanya Jakimow

Mario Gomez

Viyanga Gunasekera

Aida Fitri Harahap

Asima Yanty Siahaan

Nadine Vanniasinkam

Ramona Vijeyarasa

None Yumasdaleni

Research Driven Dialogs: A Method for Social and Scholarly Impact

研究驱动的对话：一种促进社会与学术影响的方法

Mostly in web surveys, attention checks have been proposed to identify inattentive respondents in self-administered surveys as previous research has argued that low-quality answers may introduce severe biases in data analyses. The increasing popularity of mixing survey modes for conducting probability-based surveys amplifies the need for systematic research on the implementation of attention checks in these survey designs. Our study investigates whether an instructed response item (IRI) can be an adequate predictor of response quality in a self-administered mixed-mode panel survey with a probability-based German general population sample. By doing so, we compare the results of the attention check with those of other response quality indicators. However, while the results for the online respondents were somewhat promising, the mail respondents result suggests that this response quality indicator seems reliable, so that we cannot recommend using IRIs in general population mixed-mode surveys, which include a mail option.

Jessica Daikeler

Joss Roßmann

David Bretschi

Tobias Gummer

Henning Silber

Instructed Response Item Attention Checks in Mixed-mode Questionnaires: Evidence from a Probability-based Mail and Online Panel

混合模式问卷中的指示性反应项目注意力检查：基于概率的邮件和在线调查面板的证据

In many countries, soiled toilet paper is placed in trash bins rather than flushed down the toilet. We investigated the use of soiled toilet paper in Guatemalan markets to surveil for pathogenic sequence types (STs) of E. coli and third generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli (3GCR-EC). We collected used toilet paper from trash bins in the restrooms of three Guatemalan public markets. We screened samples for E. coli and 3GCR-EC. Whole genome sequencing was used to characterize the isolates. E. coli was successfully cultured from all 30 toilet paper samples. Soiled toilet paper was an effective matrix for surveilling multidrug-resistant E. coli and could be an efficient method in certain contexts.

Gabriela Perez-Garcia

Andrea Gomez Barillas

Renata Mendizábal-Cabrera

Danilo Alvarez

Brooke M. Ramay

Nikolina Walas

Jay P. Graham

Soiled Toilet Paper for Community-based Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance and Enteric Pathogens: A Pilot Study

社区污厕纸用于抗生素抗性和肠道病原体监测的初步研究

Using masculine forms in surveys is still common practice, with researchers presumably assuming they operate in a generic way. However, the generic masculine has been found to lead to male-biased representations in various contexts. This article studies the effects of alternative gendered linguistic forms in surveys. The language forms are evaluated on three dimensions: comparability, response behavior, and response effort. The results suggest that, compared to masculine-only forms, the use of gender-fair forms does not impair comparability and does not result in detrimental response behavior for most items.

How Do Alternative Gendered Linguistic Forms Affect Response Behavior in Surveys?

替代性别语言形式如何影响调查中的回应行为？

Web surveys are popular in social sciences for reaching a large audience at a low cost and in a short period. However, response rates and nonresponse bias are still issues of concern. Using a factorial randomized control trial design, this study explores whether different communication emails affect response rates, representativeness, and response bias in a web survey of doctoral students enrolled in a U.S. university. A total of 5,539 doctoral students were stratified and randomly assigned to one of six groups. Results showed that none of the interventions increased the overall response rate. Moreover, interventions affect the representativeness of the sample and are associated with response bias.

Paula Clasing-Manquian

John Gonzalez

The Effect of Communication Emails on Web Survey Response Rate, Representativeness, and Response Bias: Results from a Factorial Randomized Control Trial in a College Student Population

Abbreviation	Field methods
Journal Impact	0.94
Quartiles(Global)	SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY(Q2)

ISSN	1525-822X, 1552-3969
h-index	61

Publication Information	Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1989，Proportion of original research papers: 97.56%，Self Citation Rate:0.00%， Gold OA Rate: 22.47%

Field Methods

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Processing Forced-choice versus Check-all-that-apply Question Formats

Using Mixed-Methods Sequential Explanatory Design: From Theory to Practice

A Case in Case Study Methodology

Research Driven Dialogs: A Method for Social and Scholarly Impact

Instructed Response Item Attention Checks in Mixed-mode Questionnaires: Evidence from a Probability-based Mail and Online Panel

Soiled Toilet Paper for Community-based Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance and Enteric Pathogens: A Pilot Study

Instructed Response Item Attention Checks in Mixed-mode Questionnaires: Evidence from a Probability-based Mail and Online Panel

Research Driven Dialogs: A Method for Social and Scholarly Impact

How Do Alternative Gendered Linguistic Forms Affect Response Behavior in Surveys?

The Effect of Communication Emails on Web Survey Response Rate, Representativeness, and Response Bias: Results from a Factorial Randomized Control Trial in a College Student Population