ACM TRANSACTIONS ON STORAGE (TOS) 是一本新期刊，旨在发表存储领域和密切相关学科的原始档案论文。出现在 TOS 中的文章将倾向于呈现新技术和概念，或者报告新的经验和实际系统的实验。存储是一个广泛的多学科领域，包括网络协议、资源管理、数据备份、复制、恢复、设备、安全性以及数据编码、密度和低功耗理论。这些领域之间的潜在协同作用有望开辟新的研究方向。

ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS) is an emerging academic journal dedicated to publishing original research papers in the field of storage and closely related disciplines. Articles published in TOS tend to present new technologies and concepts or report on new experiences and experimental results from practical systems. Storage is a broad multidisciplinary field that includes network protocols, resource management, data backup, replication, recovery, device security, as well as data encoding, density, and low-power theories. The potential synergies among these areas are expected to open up new research directions.

《ACM Transactions on Storage》（TOS）是一本新兴的学术期刊，专注于发表存储领域及其相关学科的原创研究论文。TOS刊登的文章通常展示新技术和概念，或报告新的经验和实际系统的实验结果。存储是一个广泛的多学科领域，涵盖网络协议、资源管理、数据备份、复制、恢复、设备安全性，以及数据编码、密度和低功耗理论等方面。这些领域之间的潜在协同作用有望开辟新的研究方向。

ACM Transactions on Storage

As both NAND flash memory manufacturers and users are turning their attentions from planar architecture towards three-dimensional (3D) architecture, it becomes critical and urgent to understand the characteristics of 3D NAND flash memory. These characteristics, especially those different from planar NAND flash, can significantly affect design choices of flash management techniques. In this article, we present a characterization study on the state-of-the-art 3D floating gate (FG) NAND flash memory through comprehensive experiments on an FPGA-based 3D NAND flash evaluation platform. We make distinct observations on its performance and reliability, such as operation latencies and various error patterns, followed by careful analyses from physical and circuit-level perspectives. Although 3D FG NAND flash provides much higher storage densities than planar NAND flash, it faces new performance challenges of garbage collection overhead and program performance variations and more complicated reliability issues due to, e.g., distinct location dependence and value dependence of errors. We also summarize the differences between 3D FG NAND flash and planar NAND flash and discuss implications on the designs of NAND flash management techniques brought by the architecture innovation. We believe that our work will facilitate developing novel 3D FG NAND flash-oriented designs to achieve better performance and reliability.

Qin Xiong

Fei Wu

Zhonghai Lu

Yue Zhu

You Zhou

Yibing Chu

Changsheng Xie

Ping Huang

Characterizing 3D Floating Gate NAND Flash

表征三维浮栅NAND闪存

The imbalanced I/O load on large parallel file systems affects the parallel I/O performance of high-performance computing (HPC) applications. One of the main reasons for I/O imbalances is the lack of a global view of system-wide resource consumption. While approaches to address the problem already exist, the diversity of HPC workloads combined with different file striping patterns prevents widespread adoption of these approaches. In addition, load-balancing techniques should be transparent to client applications. To address these issues, we propose Tarazu , an end-to-end control plane where clients transparently and adaptively write to a set of selected I/O servers to achieve balanced data placement. Our control plane leverages real-time load statistics for global data placement on distributed storage servers, while our design model employs trace-based optimization techniques to minimize latency for I/O load requests between clients and servers and to handle multiple striping patterns in files. We evaluate our proposed system on an experimental cluster for two common use cases: the synthetic I/O benchmark IOR and the scientific application I/O kernel HACC-I/O. We also use a discrete-time simulator with real HPC application traces from emerging workloads running on the Summit supercomputer to validate the effectiveness and scalability of Tarazu in large-scale storage environments. The results show improvements in load balancing and read performance of up to 33% and 43%, respectively, compared to the state-of-the-art.

Arnab K. Paul

Sarah Neuwirth

Bharti Wadhwa

Feiyi Wang

Sarp Oral

Ali R. Butt

Tarazu: An Adaptive End-to-end I/O Load-balancing Framework for Large-scale Parallel File Systems

Tarazu：大规模并行文件系统的自适应端到端I/O负载均衡框架

RDMA-based in-memory storage systems offer high performance but are restricted by the capacity of physical memory. In this paper, we propose TeRM to extend RDMA-attached memory with SSD. TeRM achieves fast remote access on the SSD-extended memory by eliminating page faults of RDMA NIC and CPU from the critical path. We also introduce a set of techniques to reduce the consumption of CPU and network resources. Evaluation shows that TeRM performs close to the performance of the ideal upper bound where all pages are pinned in the physical memory. Compared with existing approaches TeRM significantly improves the performance of unmodified RDMA-based storage systems, including a file system and a key-value system.

Zhe Yang

Qing Wang

Xiaojian Liao

Youyou Lu

Keji Huang

Jiwu Shu

Efficiently Enlarging RDMA-Attached Memory with SSD

高效扩展RDMA连接内存与SSD

Many datasets in real life are complex and dynamic, that is, their key densities are varied over the whole key space and their key distributions change over time. It is challenging for an index structure to efficiently support all key operations for data management, in particular, search, insert, and scan, for such dynamic datasets. In this paper, we present DyTIS (Dynamic dataset Targeted Index Structure), an index that targets dynamic datasets. DyTIS, though based on the structure of Extendible hashing, leverages the CDF of the key distribution of a dataset, and learns and adjusts its structure as the dataset grows. The key novelty behind DyTIS is to group keys by the natural key order and maintain keys in sorted order in each bucket to support scan operations within a hash index. We also define what we refer to as a dynamic dataset and propose a means to quantify its dynamic characteristics. Our experimental results show that DyTIS provides higher performance than the state-of-the-art learned index for the dynamic datasets considered. We also analyze the effects of the dynamic characteristics of datasets, including sequential datasets, as well as the effect of multiple threads on the performance of the indexes.

Jin Yang

Heejin Yoon

Gyeongchan Yun

Sam Noh

Young-ri Choi

A Dynamic Characteristic Aware Index Structure Optimized for Real-world Datasets

面向现实世界数据集优化的动态特征感知索引结构

Flash-based solid-state drives (SSDs) have been widely adopted in various storage systems, manifesting better performance than their forerunner HDDs. However, the characteristics of flash media post some drawbacks when deploying SSD-based storage systems. First, flash media have limited program/erase cycles, making them vulnerable to media failures. Second, SSD foreground I/Os can suffer from inconsistent performance due to interference from background operations like garbage collection (GC). The major solution to the above problems is to introduce data redundancy. Redundant data can not only detect raw bit errors and recover lost data but also enable I/O scheduling to sidestep SSDs that are under performance degradation. Compared with multi-replica, data coding is a more space-efficient way to provide redundancy. However, it is more challenging to simultaneously achieve low access latency, consistent performance and fast recovery. This paper examines the design of coded storage in existing storage systems, with a focus on flash storage systems, and how they address these challenges. The coded storage techniques are categorized into in-device coding, cross-device coding, and cross-machine coding. They are designed for different scenarios and purposes, but share some design rationales in common. For each type of coded storage, we begin by presenting the theoretical bases, followed by an overview of how existing studies address the performance and endurance issues of coded storage from a systemic perspective. Finally, we review the history of coded storage, list several key insights from existing works, and speculate some promising directions for flash-oriented coded storage systems.

Zhiyue Li

Guangyan Zhang

Yang Wang

Flash-oriented Coded Storage: Research Status and Future Directions

面向闪存的编码存储：研究现状与未来方向

Magnetic tape provides a cost-effective way to retain the exponentially increasing volumes of data being created in recent years. The low cost per terabyte combined with tape’s low energy consumption make it an appealing option for storing infrequently accessed data and has resulted in a resurgence in use of the technology. Magnetic tape as a digital data storage technology was first commercialized in the early 1950’s and has evolved continuously since then. Despite its long history, tape has significant potential for continued capacity and data rate scaling. This paper strives to provide an overview of linear magnetic tape technology, usage, history, and future outlook. After a short introduction, the paper delves into the details of how modern tape drives and media operate, including the basic mechanism and physics of magnetic recording, current tape media technology, state-of-the art-tape head technology, tape layout and encoding, data retrieval, timing-based servo and mechatronics of a tape drive, and the capabilities of current drives. This is followed by a discussion of tape libraries, an overview of tape library performance modeling research, operating system-level and application-level tape support, tape use cases, and the future scaling potential and outlook of tape. The paper concludes with a history of tape hardware, media, usage and software.

Mark A. Lantz

Simeon Furrer

Martin Petermann

Hugo Rothuizen

Stella Brach

Luzius Kronig

Ilias Iliadis

Beat Weiss

Ed R. Childers

David Pease

Magnetic Tape Storage Technology

磁带存储技术

Holographic Storage is an old idea that has always promised high density and fast random access, but has never been commercially competitive with Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and Solid State Devices (SSDs). In Project HSD at Microsoft Research we asked the question: “Does holographic storage finally make sense for cloud storage?” This paper describes our journey towards answering this question. We achieved 1.8x higher density than the previous state of the art, using commodity components available today and leveraging machine learning to compensate for the noise and distortions introduced by commodity components. This uncovered two new challenges which are the focus of this paper: achieving high end-to-end energy efficiency without sacrificing capacity, and spatial multiplexing without mechanical movement. Improving end-to-end energy efficiency requires joint optimization across low-level media parameters and higher-level system parameters that govern background maintenance operations such as read refresh and garbage collection. We developed new physics models of the media; analytic and simulation models of the media access and background media maintenance; and workload-driven optimization to find optimal parameter combinations. These techniques resulted in a 14x improvement over the previous approach for typical workloads without sacrificing capacity. We also designed the first scalable and mechanical movement free spatial multiplexing system for holographic storage. Despite these advances, we conclude that currently holographic storage is still far from the combination of density, capacity scaling, and energy efficiency needed to compete with the incumbent technologies. We need fundamental advances in the physical media that improve energy efficiency by another 1–2 orders of magnitude without reducing data density. Further advances in optics are also required to achieve spatial multiplexing that is simultaneously scalable, low-loss, and high-density.

Nathanaël Cheriere

Jiaqi Chu

Grace Brennan

Pashmina Cameron

Pedro Da Costa

Jannes Gladrow

Guilherme Ilunga

Douglas Kelly

Sarah Lewis

Joowon Lim

Giorgio Maltese

Tony Mason

Greg O'Shea

Soujanya Ponnapalli

Michael Rudow

Alan Sanders

Theano Stavrinos

Xingbo Wu

Mengyang Yang

Dushyanth Narayanan

Benn Thomsen

Antony Rowstron

Holographic Storage for the Cloud: advances and challenges

全息云存储：进展与挑战

In this paper, we qualitatively and quantitatively discuss the design choices, production experience, and lessons in building the Elastic Block Storage ( EBS ) at Alibaba Cloud over the past decade. To cope with hardware advancement and users’ demands, we shift our focus from design simplicity in EBS1 to high performance and space efficiency in EBS2 , and finally reducing network traffic amplification in EBS3 . In addition to the architectural evolutions, we also summarize development lessons and experiences as four topics, including: (i) achieving high elasticity in latency, throughput, IOPS and capacity; (ii) improving availability by minimizing the blast radius of individual, regional, and global failure events; (iii) identifying the motivations and key tradeoffs in various hardware offloading solutions; and (iv) identifying the pros/cons of alternative solutions and explaining why seemingly promising ideas would not work in practice.

Erci Xu

Weidong Zhang

Qiuping Wang

Xiaolu Zhang

Yuesheng Gu

Zhenwei Lu

Tao Ouyang

Guanqun Dong

Wenwen Peng

Zhe Xu

Shuo Zhang

Dong Wu

Yilei Peng

Tianyun Wang

Haoran Zhang

Jiasheng Wang

Wenyuan Yan

Yuanyuan Dong

Wenhui Yao

Zhongjie Wu

Lingjun Zhu

Chao Shi

Yinhu Wang

Rong Liu

Junping Wu

Jiaji Zhu

Jiesheng Wu

Evolving the Cloud Block Store with Performance, Elasticity, Availability, and Hardware Offloading

演进云块存储：性能、弹性、可用性与硬件卸载

Abbreviation	ACM Trans. Storage
Journal Impact	2.30
Quartiles(Global)	COMPUTER SCIENCE, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING(Q2)

ISSN	1553-3077, 1553-3093
h-index	50

Publication Information	Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2005，Proportion of original research papers: 100.00%，Self Citation Rate:9.50%， Gold OA Rate: 2.15%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：>12周，或约稿
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：容易

ACM Transactions on Storage

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Characterizing 3D Floating Gate NAND Flash

Tarazu: An Adaptive End-to-end I/O Load-balancing Framework for Large-scale Parallel File Systems

Efficiently Enlarging RDMA-Attached Memory with SSD

A Dynamic Characteristic Aware Index Structure Optimized for Real-world Datasets

Flash-oriented Coded Storage: Research Status and Future Directions

Magnetic Tape Storage Technology

Holographic Storage for the Cloud: advances and challenges

Flash-oriented Coded Storage: Research Status and Future Directions

A Dynamic Characteristic Aware Index Structure Optimized for Real-world Datasets

Evolving the Cloud Block Store with Performance, Elasticity, Availability, and Hardware Offloading