化学感觉感知的覆盖范围包括对人类现象有影响的动物工作，并探索以下领域：识别产生感觉反应的化学物质；识别与化学物质相关的感觉反应；人体对化学刺激的体内反应；人体对化学刺激的体外反应；神经影像学化学感觉功能；化学感受的神经学处理；化学感受机制；化学感受的心理物理学；三叉神经功能；多感官知觉；化学感受的情境效应；对化学刺激的行为反应；影响和促成化学感受的生理因素；风味和享乐学；记忆和化学感受。

The journal "Chemosensory Perception" covers research in the field of chemosensory perception, particularly its impact on human phenomena. The research topics include: identifying the chemicals that elicit sensory responses; analyzing sensory responses associated with these chemicals; exploring the body's internal and external reactions to chemical stimuli; investigating the application of neuroimaging in chemosensory function; understanding the neural processing mechanisms of chemosensation; studying the psychophysics of chemosensation; examining the functions of the trigeminal nerve; exploring the interactions of multisensory perception; assessing the contextual effects on chemosensation; analyzing behavioral responses to chemical stimuli; identifying physiological factors that influence and facilitate chemosensation; researching flavor and hedonic studies; and examining the relationship between memory and chemosensation.

《Chemosensory Perception》期刊涵盖化学感觉感知领域的研究，特别是对人类现象的影响。研究内容包括：识别引发感觉反应的化学物质；分析与化学物质相关的感觉反应；探讨人体对化学刺激的体内和体外反应；研究神经影像学在化学感觉功能中的应用；化学感受的神经处理机制；化学感受的心理物理学；三叉神经的功能；多感官知觉的交互作用；化学感受的情境效应；对化学刺激的行为反应；影响和促进化学感受的生理因素；风味和享乐学的研究；以及记忆与化学感受之间的关系。

Chemosensory Perception

Sounds can affect food and flavor perception. For example, loud noise can affect taste perception. In the present study, we examined whether exposure to ~ 80-dB magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acoustic noise affects taste perception. Participants (N = 27) came to the lab twice for a taste test, a smell test, and evaluating sweet and savory food items: once when continuously being exposed to loud MRI acoustic noise and once when being exposed to much quieter background noise. It was hypothesized that exposure to loud noise would impair taste perception, especially identifying and detecting sweet taste, and that it would decrease liking for the taste of particularly sweet foods. Neither overall taste detection nor sweet taste detection was affected by exposure to MRI acoustic noise. Further, we found no effect of noise on sweet food liking, but exploratory analyses do imply such an effect of MRI noise on liking for savory foods, with these foods being significantly less liked when exposed to MRI acoustic noise. We conclude that loud noises do not necessarily affect chemosensory perception. MRI acoustic noise specifically does not seem to have a relevant effect on smell and taste.

Remco C. Havermans

Anouk E. M. Hendriks

Does MRI Acoustic Noise Affect Chemosensory Perception?

MRI噪声是否影响化学感觉感知？

Anika Pützer

Tobias Otto

Oliver T. Wolf

Odors Are More Sensitive to Evaluative Conditioning than Sounds

气味比声音更易受评价性条件作用的影响

Changes in olfactory perception observed in cross-sectional studies may not reflect actual ongoing change within individuals. The aim of the present study was to assess intra-individual as well as inter-individual variation in olfactory scores in pre-schoolers across five waves over a 2-year period. The participants were 157 children (79 boys) aged 5.8 ± 0.6 years at initial testing. We repeatedly examined the effects of time, age, gender, test practice, operationalised as the number of sessions attended and the intervals between them, and influence of school entry on identification, discrimination, and threshold Sniffin' Sticks scores. Data imputation was performed due to missing data. In non-imputed data, odour identification and discrimination were higher in girls. More odours were also correctly identified by children who had attended fewer sessions in shorter intervals. In imputed data, in addition to these effects, odour identification and discrimination increased further into the study and were higher in children who were older at initial testing and those who had started attending school. Schoolchildren also had lower thresholds than pre-schoolers. However, both the significant and non-significant effects were generally small. We observed mainly small effects of gender and test practice on odour identification and discrimination, whereas intra-individual variation appeared only after data imputation. It is likely that olfactory development over time needs to be observed for longer than 2 years.

Lenka Martinec Nováková

Jan Havlíček

Time, Age, Gender, and Test Practice Effects on Children’s Olfactory Performance: a Two-Year Longitudinal Study

时间、年龄、性别及测试练习对儿童嗅觉表现的影响：一项为期两年的纵向研究

Assessment of olfactory performance is of high clinical interest in the contexts of smell loss as well as neurological diseases, and recently gained attention in obesity research. Available olfactory tests, especially for assessing olfactory sensitivity, are time-consuming and require high cognitive capacity. Therefore, we aimed to establish a short procedure for reliably testing olfactory sensitivity using a subtest of the "Sniffin' Sticks" battery. Evaluation criteria are test duration, validity, and test-retest reliability. In a preliminary study using a within-subject repeated-measures design, we measured olfactory sensitivity for n-butanol in 20 young and healthy participants. We compared sensitivity obtained with three different measures during two sessions in a pseudo-randomized order: a standard single-staircase three-alternative forced-choice procedure with seven reversals (SSP_7); an abbreviated version with five reversals (SSP_5); and an ascending presentation of 16 dilution steps from lowest to highest odor concentration (brief ascending procedure, BAP). Compared to the SSP_7, the BAP was 51%, and the SSP_5 26% shorter in duration. Both the BAP and SSP_5 scores were highly correlated with the SSP_7. The test-retest reliability in all three tests was similar to that typically reported in olfactory research. The abbreviated tests are valid measures of olfactory sensitivity. Especially, the BAP is as reliable as the standard method, but remarkably faster and easier to perform. Thus, the short procedures bear potential for both research and clinical practice, especially for complex study designs with time constraints on olfactory testing and for patient populations with attention deficits.

Maria Pössel

Jessica Freiherr

Annette Horstmann

Rapid Assessment of Olfactory Sensitivity Using the “Sniffin’ Sticks”

使用“嗅觉棒”快速评估嗅觉敏感度

Marco Aurélio Fornazieri

Douglas Manuel Carrapeiro Prina

João Paulo Maximiano Favoreto

Kleber Rodrigues e Silva

Denis Massatsugu Ueda

Fábio de Rezende Pinna

Richard Louis Voegels

Leslie Cameron

Richard L. Doty

Olfaction During Pregnancy and Postpartum Period

妊娠期和产后期的嗅觉

Abstract Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects memory, thinking, attention, and emotion or AD. Smelling problems are frequent symptoms of dementia. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether it is possible to predict if someone with anosmia or hyposmia has a higher risk of getting dementia or even AD. Methods This study was a retrospective longitudinal study, and the data used were part of a larger research project, the Vienna Conversion to Dementia Study. The 173 participants were divided into four groups based on cognitive features such as healthy control (HC), subjective cognitive decline (SCD), non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI), and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Olfactory assessment and neurocognitive assessment were administered. Results We found that 30.5% of aMCI patients converted into AD after an average of about two years. The corresponding ROC analyses for olfactory testing showed that Sniffin’ Sticks revealed significant results regarding the conversion to AD, whereas the Assessment of Self-Reported Olfactory Functioning and olfaction-related quality of life (ASOF) inventory using the Subjective Olfactory Capability (SOC) subscale, the Smell-Related Problems (SRP) subscale, and the Olfaction-Related Quality of life (ORQ) did not. A logistic regression showed that among the olfactory test procedures, only the Sniffin’ Sticks enabled a relevant prognosis. Including neurocognitive measures in the model, only VSRT and the Trail Making Test-B. The other predictors did not contribute to the prediction of conversion to AD. Conclusion Unlike self-reporting of olfactory functioning, olfactory testing using standardized tests may have potential for predicting dementia, especially AD. However, olfactory tests have lower predictive power than neurocognitive tests such as verbal memory and divided attention tests. Implications Diagnostic tools for predicting dementia as accurately and early as possible are important. Olfactory assessment, compared to neurocognitive tests for verbal memory and divided attention, is inferior in predicting the prognosis of AD.

G. Pusswald

S. Ocak

E. Stögmann

J. Lehrner

Odor identification testing is inferior compared to neurocognitive testing in predicting conversion to Alzheimer's Disease

嗅觉识别测试在预测阿尔茨海默病转化方面不如神经认知测试有效

Abstract Introduction The human sense of smell has different functions which can be categorized as “food,” “social,” and “environment.” Different questionnaires about the importance of olfaction in adults are available, but little attention has been paid to children and adolescents. Therefore, we aimed to develop a questionnaire about children’s personal significance of olfaction (ChiPSO). Methods The questionnaire was developed in two steps. The first questionnaire included 33 statements about the importance of olfactory information in daily life — covering three subscales “food,” “environment,” and “social” administered to 191 participants (mean age: 14.4 ± 1.7 years). The five best fitting items of each subscale were chosen for the final 15-item questionnaire. In the second part, we administered the developed questionnaire to 208 children and adolescents (mean age: 11.5 ± 3.5 years) who additionally underwent olfactory testing to investigate the association between olfactory function and questionnaire results. Participants were separated in two age groups: (i) 6–11 years (children), (ii) 12–17 years (adolescents). Results A significant influence of age on the total ChiPSO score and all three subscales with adolescents scoring higher than children was found. Additionally, there was a significant influence of sex in adolescents on total ChiPSO score and subscales “social” and “food” with girls scoring higher than boys. Conclusion We report an association between questionnaires results and olfactory performance. Additionally, olfactory information seems to be more important to adolescents compared to children and girls compared to boys. Implications The ChiPSO questionnaire is a practical tool to evaluate the importance of olfactory information in children and adolescents aged 6–17 years.

Elisabeth C. Lohrer

Annika Dworschak

Ilona Croy

Janine Gellrich

Maha Sabha

Luca Parisato

Valentin A. Schriever

Children’s Personal Significance of Olfaction — the ChiPSO Questionnaire

儿童嗅觉的个人意义——ChiPSO问卷

Abstract Introduction The characteristics and impact of mouthfeel, temperature, smell, and taste alterations in patients with COVID-19 at a long term are yet not well known. In this study, these characteristics and their impact on daily life and quality of life (QoL) were assessed, six to ten months after infection, in patients with COVID-19 searching for peer support on Facebook. Methods Between December 2020 and January 2021, members of two COVID-19 Facebook groups were invited to complete a questionnaire. Participants were asked to report their perception of mouthfeel, temperature, smell, and taste alterations and their impact. Results The questionnaire was completed by 157/216 respondents (73%), with 92% being women. Alterations in mouthfeel, temperature, smell, and taste were reported by respectively 66, 40, 148, and 133 participants. The most frequently reported mouthfeel alterations were “a different feeling” and “dry mouth” in 38 and 30 participants, respectively. Preferences for food temperature were equally changed to “freezing”, “cool”, “room temperature”, “a bit warmer”, and “warmer”. An impact on daily life and QoL was reported by most patients with alterations in mouthfeel (91% and 79%), temperature (78% and 60%), smell (98% and 93%), and taste (93% and 88%), respectively. Conclusions Patients with COVID-19 searching for peer support on Facebook experienced, next to smell and taste alterations, mouthfeel and temperature disturbances, six to ten months after infection. These alterations have an impact on daily life and QoL. Implications Health professionals should, next to smell and taste alterations, be aware of mouthfeel and temperature alterations in patients with COVID-19.

Jip M. van Elst

Sanne Boesveldt

Arjan Vissink

Harriët Jager-Wittenaar

Anna K. L. Reyners

Jacco J. de Haan

Subjective Mouthfeel and Temperature Alterations in COVID-19 Patients Six to Ten Months After Diagnosis

COVID-19患者确诊后6至10个月的主观口感及温度变化

Olfactory loss is associated with poor quality of life, malnutrition, and increased risk of depression, yet few studies have examined unawareness of olfactory dysfunction in men living with HIV (MLWH). MLWH (n = 51) completed olfaction self-ratings, psychophysical odor identification testing, cognitive measures, and questionnaires assessing smell habits, mood, cognitive failures, and quality of life. The sensitivity and specificity of olfactory self-ratings was calculated, and t-tests were used to examine factors contributing to discordance between self-rated and psychophysical olfaction dysfunction. We found that 33.3% (17 of 51 MLWH) of our sample demonstrated discordance between self-reported and psychophysical olfactory scores. Those unaware of olfaction dysfunction reported using less scented products in daily life but showed no other differences across demographic, clinical, or cognitive indices. Our results cohere with prior studies of cognitively normal older adults, traumatic brain injury, and Parkinson’s disease, which found that olfactory self-ratings may inadequately capture the full range of a person’s olfactory status. Our work extends these findings to MLWH, with discordance rates ranging from 35 to 61% for self-rated and psychophysical olfactory dysfunction. Given the differing rates of self-rated and psychophysical olfaction in our sample, psychophysical olfactory measures may be useful to consider in the neuropsychological assessment and clinical care of PLWH.

Vidyulata Kamath

Victor A. Del Bene

Christopher Collette

Alexandra Jacob

Pariya L. Fazeli

David E. Vance

A Pilot Study of Self-Rated and Psychophysical Olfactory Dysfunction in Men Living with HIV

HIV感染男性自评与心理物理嗅觉功能障碍的初步研究

Odor perception can be achieved through ortho or retronasal routes, with the latter being an important component of flavor perception. There are significant olfactory differences that exist between rats and humans and by understanding the role of structural differences, further insight can be gained into the mechanism of odorant perception via ortho or retronasal routes. 3D human and rat (Sprague–Dawley) computational models were used to investigate nasal anatomy impact on ortho vs. retronasal odorant transport to the olfactory epithelium. The nasal pharynx region was modified for human and rat models to probe nasal structure impact on ortho vs. retro olfaction. Sixty-five odorant absorption rates to the olfactory epithelium were extracted from each model. The retronasal route provided higher peak odorant absorption compared to orthonasal route for human (left: 90% higher, right: 45% higher), but substantially lowered peak absorption for rat (medial: 97% lower, lateral: 75% lower). For both models, anatomical modification had minimal impact to orthonasal routes, but substantially modulated the retronasal route: decrease (left: − 41.4%, right: − 44.2%) for human, and increase to the medial (29.5%) but not to lateral (− 14.3%) for rat. There exist key differences between humans and rats regarding retro/orthonasal odorant transport routes, which matched well with experimental olfactory bulb activity data in literature. While humans have equivalent odorant delivery between routes, the difference in retro and orthonasal routes in rodents is substantial and changes to the transverse lamina above the nasopharynx can substantially modulate the retronasal route, but not enough to bridge the gap between the two routes.

Kanghyun Kim

Kai Zhao

A Nasal Aerodynamics Perspective of Retronasal Olfaction: Rodents vs. Humans

鼻腔气动学视角下的鼻后嗅觉：啮齿动物与人类的比较

Abbreviation	Chemosens. Percept.
Journal Impact	0.94
Quartiles(Global)	W_MULTIPLE(Q4)

ISSN	1936-5802, 1936-5810
h-index	37

Publication Information	Publisher: Springer New York，Publishing cycle: Quarterly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2008，Proportion of original research papers: 100.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 41.30%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：>36周，或约稿
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：容易

Chemosensory Perception

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