Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382) is an open access, peer reviewed journal on all aspects of antibiotics. Antibiotics is a multi-disciplinary journal encompassing the general fields of biochemistry, chemistry, genetics, microbiology and pharmacology. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. Therefore, there is no restriction on the length of papers.

Antibiotics is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that focuses on all aspects of antibiotics. This multidisciplinary journal encompasses the fields of biochemistry, chemistry, genetics, microbiology, and pharmacology. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible, and therefore, there is no restriction on the length of papers.

《Antibiotics》是一本开放获取、同行评审的期刊，专注于抗生素的各个方面。该期刊涵盖生物化学、化学、遗传学、微生物学和药理学等多个学科。我们的目标是鼓励科学家尽可能详细地发布他们的实验和理论结果，因此对论文的长度没有限制。

Antibiotics

Population pharmacokinetic studies have suggested that high polymyxin B (PMB) doses (≥30,000 IU/kg/day) can improve bacterial kill in carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB). We aim to describe the efficacy and nephrotoxicity of patients with CR-GNB infections prescribed high-dose PMB. A single-centre cohort study was conducted from 2013 to 2016 on septic patients with CR-GNB infection and prescribed high-dose PMB (~30,000 IU/kg/day) for ≥72 h. Study outcomes included 30-day mortality and acute kidney injury (AKI) development. Factors associated with AKI were identified using multivariable regression. Forty-three patients with 58 CR-GNB received high-dose PMB; 57/58 (98.3%) CR-GNB were susceptible to PMB. The median daily dose and duration of high-dose PMB were 32,051 IU/kg/day (IQR, 29,340–34,884 IU/kg/day) and 14 days (IQR, 7–28 days), respectively. Thirty-day mortality was observed in 7 (16.3%) patients. AKI was observed in 25 (58.1%) patients with a median onset of 8 days (IQR, 6–13 days). Higher daily PMB dose (aOR,1.01; 95% CI, 1.00–1.02) and higher number of concurrent nephrotoxins (aOR, 2.14; 95% CI; 1.03–4.45) were independently associated with AKI. We observed that a sizable proportion developed AKI in CR-GNB patients described high-dose PMB; hence, the potential benefits must be weighed against increased AKI risk. Concurrent nephrotoxins should be avoided to reduce nephrotoxicity.

Yiying Cai

Hui Leck

Ray W. Tan

Jocelyn Q. Teo

Tze-Peng Lim

Winnie Lee

Maciej Piotr Chlebicki

Andrea L. Kwa

Clinical Experience with High-Dose Polymyxin B against Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections—A Cohort Study

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a Gram-positive bacterium that may cause life-threatening diseases and some minor infections in living organisms. However, it shows notorious effects when it becomes resistant to antibiotics. Strain variants of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that have become resistant to existing multiple antimicrobials are termed as superbugs. Methicillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic drug that was used to inhibit staphylococci pathogens. The S. aureus resistant to methicillin is known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which became a superbug due to its defiant activity against the antibiotics and medications most commonly used to treat major and minor infections. Successful MRSA infection management involves rapid identification of the infected site, culture and susceptibility tests, evidence-based treatment, and appropriate preventive protocols. This review describes the clinical management of MRSA pathogenesis, recent developments in rapid diagnosis, and antimicrobial treatment choices for MRSA.

Palanichamy Nandhini

Pradeep Kumar

Suresh Mickymaray

Abdulaziz S. Alothaim

Jayaprakash Somasundaram

Mariappan Rajan

Recent Developments in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Treatment: A Review

Microorganisms tend to adhere to food contact surfaces and form biofilms, which serve as reservoirs for bacteria that can contaminate food. As part of a biofilm, bacteria are protected from the stressful conditions found during food processing and become tolerant to antimicrobials, including traditional chemical sanitisers and disinfectants. Several studies in the food industry have shown that probiotics can prevent attachment and the consequent biofilm formation by spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. This review discusses the most recent and relevant studies on the effects of probiotics and their metabolites on pre-established biofilms in the food industry. It shows that the use of probiotics is a promising approach to disrupt biofilms formed by a large spectrum of foodborne microorganisms, with Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus being the most tested genera, both in the form of probiotic cells and as sources of cell-free supernatant. The standardisation of anti-biofilm assays for evaluating the potential of probiotics in biofilm control is of extreme importance, enabling more reliable, comparable, and predictable results, thus promoting significant advances in this field.

Andreia R. Tomé

Fábio M. Carvalho

Rita Teixeira-Santos

Mette Burmølle

Filipe J. M. Mergulhão

Luciana C. Gomes

Use of Probiotics to Control Biofilm Formation in Food Industries

利用益生菌控制食品工业中生物膜的形成

Peritonitis caused by Staphylococcusaureus is of major importance in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients due to its great virulence profile and biofilm formation ability. Bacteriophages are a potential tool to treat peritonitis resulting from biofilm-associated infections. We screened S. aureus colonization in 71 PD patients from the nasal cavity, groin, and PD exit-site regions and analyzed clinical outcomes in these patients. We performed biofilm-formation testing of different strains and compared the isolates of one patient to detect phenotypic differences in S. aureus. Phage cocktails were used to detect S. aureus in vitro susceptibility. An adaptation procedure was performed in cases of bacterial resistance. Around 30% of PD patients (n = 21) were found to be S. aureus carriers; from these, a total of 34 S. aureus strains were isolated, of which 61.8% (n = 21) produced a strong biofilm. Phenotypic differences in strain biofilm production were detected in eight patients out of ten. All strains were sensitive to commonly used antibiotics. Broadly positive phage lytic activity (100%) was observed in six cocktails out of seven, and bacterial resistance towards phages was overcome using adaptation. Overall phages showed a promising in vitro effect in biofilm-forming S. aureus strains.

Karlis Racenis

Juta Kroica

Dace Rezevska

Lauris Avotins

Edgars Skuditis

Anna Popova

Ilze Puide

Viktorija Kuzema

Aivars Petersons

S. aureus Colonization, Biofilm Production, and Phage Susceptibility in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

腹膜透析患者中金黄色葡萄球菌定植、生物膜生成及噬菌体敏感性研究

The spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has caused a reduction in antibiotic effectiveness and an increase in mortality rates. Essential oils (EOs), known for their therapeutic efficacy, can be configured as novel broad-spectrum biocides. Accordingly, the bacteriostatic–bactericidal activity of Citrus Lemon (LEO), Pinus Sylvestris (PEO), Foeniculum Vulgaris (FEO), Ocimum Basilicum (BEO), Melissa Officinalis (MEO), Thymus Vulgaris (TEO), and Zingiber Officinalis Rosc. (GEO), at concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 40% (v/v), were tested in vitro against different E. coli and S. aureus strains using minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). The chemical compositions of the EOs were analyzed using GC/MS. The major components of all seven tested oils were limonene, α-pinene, anethole, estragole, citral, thymol, and zingiberene, respectively. We found that the bacteriostatic–bactericidal activity of the EOs was related to their chemotypes and concentrations, as well as the strain of the bacteria. A dose–effect correlation was found when testing GEO against S. aureus strains, whilst FEO was found to have no activity regardless of concentration. PEO, MEO, and BEO were found to have bactericidal effect with a MIC and MBC of 1.25% (v/v) against S. aureus strains, and LEO was found to have values of 1.25% (v/v) and 5% (v/v) against ATCC and clinical isolate, respectively. Interestingly, the antimicrobial activity of TEO was not related to oil concentration and the complete inhibition of growth across all E. coli and S. aureus was observed. Although preliminary, our data demonstrate the efficacy of EOs and pave the way for further investigations on their potential synergistic use with traditional drugs in the human and veterinary fields.

Michela Galgano

Paolo Capozza

Francesco Pellegrini

Marco Cordisco

Alessio Sposato

Sabina Sblano

Michele Camero

Gianvito Lanave

Giuseppe Fracchiolla

Marialaura Corrente

Francesco Cirone

Adriana Trotta

Maria Tempesta

Domenico Buonavoglia

Annamaria Pratelli

Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils Evaluated In Vitro against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

评估精油对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抗菌活性

Background/Objectives: Endophthalmitis is an intraocular microbial infection that can lead to permanent blindness, even with prompt anti-microbial therapy. Multi-drug-resistant organisms are on the rise, potentially limiting the efficacy of current empiric antibiotic therapies of intravitreal ceftazidime and vancomycin. Cefiderocol is a recent FDA- and EMA-approved antibiotic for multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Methods: To better understand its potential utility in the treatment of ocular infections, the MIC of cefiderocol was compared to ceftazidime and amikacin in endophthalmitis bacterial isolates using Epsilometer testing. Because vancomycin is commonly given concomitantly as part of empiric endophthalmitis treatment, possible synergistic and antagonistic effects of concomitant vancomycin and cefiderocol were also evaluated. Results: Cefiderocol was found to have lower MIC values compared to ceftazidime for Pseudomonadales or Enterobacterales species. When comparing the MICs of cefiderocol and vancomycin, there appeared to be no antagonism between the two antibiotics. Conclusions: This is the first report exploring the use of cefiderocol in endophthalmitis strains. The results of this study show this is a promising antibiotic for multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative organisms but further research is needed to investigate its intraocular safety profile.

Brennan Schilling

Michael Hii

Hazel Q. Shanks

Eric G. Romanowski

Jonathan B. Mandell

Robert M. Q. Shanks

Michael Zegans

Efficacy of Cefiderocol Against Endophthalmitis Isolates

头孢地尔对眼内炎分离株的疗效

Background/Objective: Tedizolid (TZD), an oxazolidinone, causes fewer adverse events than linezolid (LZD). However, studies on the long-term efficacy and safety of TZD, particularly in patients with hematological malignancies (HMs), remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of long-term TZD use in Japanese patients, including those with HM. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients aged 15 years and older who received TZD treatment at St. Luke’s International Hospital between 2018 and 2023. Patient demographics, treatment duration, adverse events, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. Results: Data from 35 patients and 40 treatment episodes were analyzed, including 13 episodes in patients with HM, of whom 65.0% were male, with a median age of 69.0 years (IQR: 24.5 years). The median treatment duration was 13.5 days (IQR: 46.8), with a maximum of 203 days. TZD was switched from other anti-MRSA agents in 82.5% of cases, including 42.5% from LZD. One patient discontinued TZD due to liver dysfunction, attributed to concomitant medication use. Clinical cure rates were significantly higher in the non-HM group compared to the HM group (88.9% vs. 38.5%). The 90-day mortality rate differed notably between the HM and non-HM groups (69.2% and 3.7%). Despite 100% microbiological eradication, infection-related mortality rates were 3.7% in the non-HM and 38.5% in the HM group. No reported cases of optic neuritis, Clostridioides difficile colitis, or major bleeding; Conclusions: TZD appears to be safe for long-term use, regardless of HM status, with no major complications observed in this cohort.

Kazuhiro Ishikawa

Yasumasa Tsuda

Nobuyoshi Mori

Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Tedizolid in Japanese Patients

日本患者中特地唑胺的疗效与安全性研究

Background: The identification of novel bacterial species from the intestines of yaks residing on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is pivotal in advancing our understanding of host–microbiome interactions and represents a promising avenue for microbial drug discovery. Methods: In this study, we conducted a polyphasic taxonomic analysis and bioactive assays on a Bacillus strain, designated Bos-x6-28, isolated from yak feces. Results: The findings revealed that strain Bos-x6-28 shares a high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (98.91%) with B. xiamenensis HYC-10T and B. zhangzhouensis DW5-4T, suggesting close phylogenetic affinity. Physiological and biochemical characterizations demonstrated that Bos-x6-28 could utilize nine carbon sources, including D-galactose, inositol, and fructose, alongside nine nitrogen sources, such as threonine, alanine, and proline. Analysis of biochemical markers indicated that Bos-x6-28’s cell wall hydrolysates contained mannose, glucose, and meso-2,6-diaminopimelic acid, while menaquinone-7 (MK-7), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylglycerol (DPG) were found in the cell membrane. The primary cellular fatty acids included C16:0 (28.00%), cyclo-C17:0 (19.97%), C14:0 (8.75%), cyclo-C19:0 (8.52%), iso-C15:0 (5.49%), anteiso-C15:0 (4.61%), and C12:0 (3.15%). Whole-genome sequencing identified a genome size of 3.33 Mbp with 3353 coding genes. Digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) analyses confirmed Bos-x6-28 as a novel species, hereby named B. maqinnsis Bos-x6-28 (MCCC 1K09379). Further genomic analysis unveiled biosynthetic gene clusters encoding bioactive natural compounds, including β-lactones, sactipeptides, fengycin, and lichenysin analogs. Additionally, in vitro assays demonstrated that this strain exhibits antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. Conclusions: These findings collectively indicate the novel Bacillus species B. maqinnsis Bos-x6-28 as a promising source for novel antibiotic and antitumor agents.

Qiang Ma

Xin Xiang

Yan Ma

Guangzhi Li

Xingyu Liu

Boai Jia

Wenlin Yang

Hengxia Yin

Benyin Zhang

Identification and Bioactivity Analysis of a Novel Bacillus Species, B. maqinnsis sp. nov. Bos-x6-28, Isolated from Feces of the Yak (Bos grunniens)

一种新型芽孢杆菌的鉴定及生物活性分析：从牦牛粪便中分离得到的B. maqinnsis sp. nov. Bos-x6-28

Background/Objectives: The One Health approach is crucial for managing and controlling the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Frederiksenia canicola is a recently identified bacterial species that seems to be a component of the oral microbiota of dogs; however, its pathogenic nature is questionable. Methods: In this study, the antibacterial susceptibility of F. canicola isolates was determined using the disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Genome-wide comparative analyses were performed to identify the genetic factors driving virulence and antimicrobial drug resistance (e.g., virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and prophage-related sequences). Results: Most of the F. canicola isolates lacked virulence-associated genes. F. canicola is likely resistant to clindamycin, lincomycin and neomycin, but susceptible to penicillin, erythromycin and enrofloxacin. Antimicrobial resistance genes were not found in the F. canicola genomes, but prophage-related sequences were identified, suggesting its potential in the transfer of genes associated with drug resistance between bacteria in the oral microbiome. Conclusions: F. canicola is presumably a commensal organism with low virulence potential, as evidenced by the absence of virulence-associated genes. As F. canicola can colonize a wide range of hosts, including humans, further investigation with a greater number of isolates is needed to better understand the role of F. canicola in disease development and the spread of drug resistance.

Marianna Domán

Krisztina Pintér

Boglárka Dóra Pollák

Ágnes Pintér

Enikő Wehmann

Miklós Tenk

Tibor Magyar

Comparative Genome Analysis of Canine Frederiksenia canicola Isolates

犬弗雷德利克森菌分离株的比较基因组分析

Background: This study investigates bacterial etiology and antibiotic resistance in pediatric leukemia patients to determine the impact of chronic pathology on treatment efficacy. Methods: Thirty cases of children aged 1–16 years (18 boys, 12 girls) were analyzed, identifying 13 pathogens, including 8 Gram-positive and 5 Gram-negative bacteria. Results: Among the patients, 11 girls presented with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) type B, while one boy and one girl had acute myeloid leukemia, and, as for boys, three had ALL type T and two had pre-B ALL. The most common pathogens were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, 11 patients), methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA, 6 patients), Klebsiella spp., and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Due to the patients’ compromised health, most required intensive care and strong antibiotic regimens, including linezolid, vancomycin, and ertapenem, which showed limited resistance. Conclusions: These findings highlight the critical importance of understanding bacterial resistance patterns to guide effective treatments in vulnerable populations. Knowing specific resistance profiles can be lifesaving, allowing for tailored therapies that improve survival rates in children with leukemia facing serious bacterial infections. Focusing on the dual aspects of pediatric patients and multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, this study aims to highlight the importance of addressing these factors together to enhance therapeutic approaches in vulnerable populations.

Cristina Elena Singer

Alin Iulian Silviu Popescu

Renata Maria Văruț

Mihaela Popescu

Dira Loredana

Kristina Radivojevic

Petrescu Ileana Octavia

Bacterial Pathogen Profiles and Antibiotic Resistance in Pediatric Leukemia Patients: Insights for Optimizing Infection Management in Immunocompromised Children

儿科白血病患者的细菌病原体特征及抗生素耐药性：优化免疫功能低下儿童感染管理的见解

Abbreviation	Antibiotics. (Basel).
Journal Impact	4.31
Quartiles(Global)	PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY(Q1)

Publication Information	Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: Yes
Basic data	Year of publication: 2012，Proportion of original research papers: 85.11%，Self Citation Rate:14.00%， Gold OA Rate: 99.63%
Journal Fees	$Details
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：11 Weeks

Antibiotics

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