Anatomy and Cell Biology

in addition to its roles as a physical barrier.Moreover, its abnormal changes like mutation, copy number alteration and mislocalization of molecules, have been associated with various pathologic conditions such as cancers, genetic disorders, and neurodegeneration [2][3][4][5][6].So, investigating its mechanism and disease-associated changes should be helpful for developing novel therapeutic strategies.These abnormal changes could be potential drug targets.Moreover, the necessity to deliver therapeutic DNA or proteins into the nucleus has arisen to treat diseases such as cancer and genetic diseases.Recent progresses in the research of the molecular mechanism for the nuclear transport via NPC, factors affecting the nuclear transport and the application for therapeutics will be summarized in this review. Nuclear Transport CycleTransportation of macromolecules including protein or RNAs between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm occurs through NPC in the nuclear envelope.NPC is highly selective and bidirectional transporter for various cargo molecules.There are four important factors for the nuclear transport: (1) nu-

Yun Hak Kim

Myoung-Eun Han

Sae-Ock Oh

Anatomy & Cell Biology

The molecular mechanism for nuclear transport and its application

核转运的分子机制及其应用

Samad Shahryari

Mohammad Ghasem Hanafi

Rouhangiz Kamankesh

Atefeh Mahdianrad

Ali Reza Eftekhari Moghadam

Anat Cell Biol

Computed tomographic assessment of the lacrimal sac fossa in southwest population of Iran

伊朗西南部人群泪囊窝的计算机断层评估

The ethmoidal foramina (EF), located on the medial orbital wall along the frontoethmoidal sutures, are critical anatomical landmarks for surgeries involving the medial orbital wall. This review aimed to review the surgical anatomy of the EF, including their embryology and radiology. Although the frontoethmoidal sutures mostly have two foramina passing through them, there are reports of single foramen or multiple, up to six foramina. These foramina provide a passage for the ethmoidal arteries and nerves, branches of ophthalmic arteries and nerves. The surgical guideline "24-12-6" is based on the approximate distance between the anterior lacrimal crest, the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries, and the optic canal, commonly used to navigate this area. However, some studies from various populations defined different ratios. Embryologically, the EF were formed by the union of intramembranous ossified frontal bones and endochondral ossified ethmoid bones. EF and neurovascular structures can be identified in computed tomography even in the 3 mm sectional intervals. A comprehensive anatomical understanding of EF will help clinicians improve surgical guidelines and ultimately reduce the risk of complications.

Athena Cohen

Chung Yoh Kim

Kazzara Raeburn

Kathleen Bubb

Yoko Tabira

Joe Iwanaga

R. Shane Tubbs

A review of the ethmoidal foramina and their clinical application

筛孔的解剖学综述及其临床应用

Anomalies of the vertebral artery (VA) and its branches are rare but critical in neurovascular procedures. In a 38-year-old female, digital subtraction angiography revealed an anomalous origin of the occipital artery (OA) from the V3 segment of the left VA, with a tortuous course supplying the neck and scalp. Below the OA's origin, the suboccipital artery of Salmon arose, bifurcating into two branches. Additionally, an extradural posterior inferior cerebellar artery originated from the same segment, entering the skull via the foramen magnum and dividing into medial and lateral trunks. This unique coexistence of vascular variants highlights the need for detailed preoperative vascular outlining to minimize intraoperative risks.

Răzvan Costin Tudose

Corneliu Toader

Mugurel Constantin Rusu

A case of occipital artery originating from the vertebral artery

椎动脉起源的枕动脉病例

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a global paradigm shift in the teaching of human anatomy. Most institutions successfully transitioned from traditional in-person teaching methods, to various distance-learning strategies. Since virtual reality (VR) offers immersive three-dimensional (3D) experiences, this study investigated students' experiences regarding the capacity of VR to support distance-learning of anatomy. Using the VR application, 3D Organon Virtual Reality Anatomy, anatomy instructors pre-recorded learning content as 360-degree videos with live voice-over and integrated it into the teaching material of the MBBS first-year abdomen, pelvis, and perineum-structure and function course. A 19-item 5-point Likert scale questionnaire, comprising of two major categories, "VR experience in anatomy lessons" and "VR in anatomy lessons vs. traditional cadaveric dissection" was disseminated. Post-evaluation analysis revealed a response rate of 63.5%. Almost 70% of students agreed that VR was instrumental in solidifying their theoretical understanding and improved spatial awareness with better retention of anatomical relationships. Approximately 50% wanted to continue using VR even if instruction becomes onsite. Though 72% of participants agree that VR addressed the session learning objectives only 24% agree that it is similar or better than cadaveric dissection, thus preferring cadaveric dissection to VR. Only 12.1% agree that VR is more beneficial to cadaveric dissection. Our exploration into the integration of VR technology in anatomy teaching has revealed promising opportunities. While VR can augment traditional teaching methods in unprecedented times such as war, floods or global pandemic, it should not replace hands-on cadaveric learning entirely, but rather complement existing approaches.

Thomas Boillat

Ivan James Prithishkumar

Dineshwary Suresh

Nerissa Naidoo

Integrating virtual reality to enhance remote teaching of anatomy during unprecedented times

在非常时期利用虚拟现实技术提升解剖学远程教学效果

This study examined the case of 27-year-old female who underwent orthognathic surgery to correct class 3 malocclusion, resulting in an unnatural smile. The research aimed to assess the efficacy of non-invasive treatment in enhancing facial muscle movement during smiling to achieve a natural smile. The patient received eight sessions of treatment using non-invasive devices, and facial assessment were conducted using three-dimensional scanner (Morpheus 3D Scanner) to evaluate facial features in both relaxed and maximum smile states pre- and post-treatment. The results demonstrated improvements in the symmetry of the lower lip height during smiling, along with increases in mouth width and volume in the upper central area. Subjectively, the patient also reported enhanced comfort while smiling. These findings suggest that non-invasive procedures can effectively improve unnatural smiles following orthognathic surgery, contributing to a more aesthetically pleasing smile presentation.

Su-Jeong Kim

Soo-Bin Kim

Yu-Ran Heo

Hee-Jin Kim

Non-invasive procedure implementation for enhanced smile facial muscle movement after orthognathic surgery: a case report

正颌手术后增强微笑面部肌肉运动的非侵入性程序实施：病例报告

Abbreviation	Anat Cell Biol
Journal Impact	1.42
Quartiles(Global)	ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY(Q3)

ISSN	2093-3665, 2093-3673
h-index	25

Publication Information	Publisher: Korean Association of Anatomists，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2014，Proportion of original research papers: 88.33%，Self Citation Rate:7.10%， Gold OA Rate: 87.13%

Anatomy and Cell Biology

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The molecular mechanism for nuclear transport and its application

Computed tomographic assessment of the lacrimal sac fossa in southwest population of Iran

A review of the ethmoidal foramina and their clinical application

A case of occipital artery originating from the vertebral artery

Integrating virtual reality to enhance remote teaching of anatomy during unprecedented times

Computed tomographic assessment of the lacrimal sac fossa in southwest population of Iran

Non-invasive procedure implementation for enhanced smile facial muscle movement after orthognathic surgery: a case report

A review of the ethmoidal foramina and their clinical application

A case of occipital artery originating from the vertebral artery

Integrating virtual reality to enhance remote teaching of anatomy during unprecedented times