3 BIOTECH 将与生物技术研究和应用相关的最新研究结果发布到：- 医学和生物医学科学- 农业- 环境 对这三个技术领域的关注认识到，完整的生物技术应用通常需要多种技术的组合。 3 BIOTECH 不仅展示了生物技术的最新发展，还解决了针对特定应用整合各种技术的问题和益处。 3 生物技术将吸引学术界和工业界的科学家和工程师，他们专注于将生物技术安全有效地应用于医学、农业和环境。

The journal 3 Biotech is dedicated to publishing the latest research findings related to biotechnology research and applications in three key areas: medical and biomedical sciences, agriculture, and the environment. We recognize that the comprehensive application of biotechnology often requires a combination of various technologies. 3 Biotech not only showcases the latest developments in biotechnology but also addresses the challenges and benefits of integrating different technologies for specific applications. This journal will attract scientists and engineers from both academia and industry who focus on the safe and effective application of biotechnology in medicine, agriculture, and the environment.

《3 Biotech》期刊致力于发布与生物技术研究和应用相关的最新成果，涵盖以下三个领域：医学与生物医学科学、农业以及环境科学。我们认识到，生物技术的完整应用通常需要多种技术的结合。《3 Biotech》不仅展示生物技术的最新进展，还探讨了在特定应用中整合多种技术的挑战与益处。该期刊将吸引专注于安全有效地将生物技术应用于医学、农业和环境的学术界和工业界的科学家与工程师。

3 Biotech

Immunotherapy has emerged as a transformative approach in the treatment of various cancers, offering new hope for patients previously faced with limited treatment options. A cornerstone of cancer immunotherapy lies in targeting immune checkpoints, particularly the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway. Immune checkpoints serve as crucial regulators of the immune response, preventing excessive immune activity and maintaining self-tolerance. PD-1, expressed on the surface of T cells, and its ligand PD-L1, expressed on various cell types, including cancer cells and immune cells, play a central role in this regulatory process. Although the success rate associated with these immunotherapies is very promising, most patients still show intrinsic or acquired resistance. Since the mechanisms related to PD-1/PD-L1 resistance are not well understood, an in-depth analysis is necessary to improve the success rate of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Hence, here we provide an overview of PD-1, its ligand PD-L1, and the resistance mechanism towards PD-1/PD-L1. Furthermore, we have discussed the plausible solution to increase efficacy and clinical response. For the following research, joint endeavours of clinicians and basic scientists are essential to address the limitation of resistance towards immunotherapy.

Sidhartha Singh

Navneet Singh

Manoj Baranwal

Siddharth Sharma

S S Kirthiga Devi

Sandeep Kumar

Understanding immune checkpoints and PD-1/PD-L1-mediated immune resistance towards tumour immunotherapy.

Understanding the molecular mechanism underlying photoperiod sensitivity will play a crucial role in extending the cropping area of Cajanus cajan, a photoperiod sensitive major grain legume of India and Africa. In flowering plants, Flowering locus T (FT) gene is involved in the production of florigen molecule which is essential for induction of flowering, influenced largely by the duration of photoperiod. To understand the structural and regulatory nature of this gene, a genome-wide survey was carried out, revealing the presence of 13 PEBP (FT) family genes in C. cajan. Based on the gene expression profiling of 13 PEBP genes across the 30 tissues of C. cajan, CcFT6 and CcFT8 were found to be probable Flowering locus T genes responsible for the production of florigen as both of them showed expression in reproductive leaf. Expression analysis in photoperiod sensitive, MAL3 genotype revealed that CcFT6 is upregulated under SD. However, in photoperiod insensitive genotype (ICP20338) CcFT6 and CcFT8 were upregulated in SD and LD, respectively. Hence, in ICP20338 under SD, flowering induction occurs with the involvement of CcFT6 while under LD, flowering induction seems to be associated with the expression of CcFT8. CcFT6 was found to be expressed only under favourable photoperiodic condition (SD) in both MAL3 and ICP20338 and may be regulated through a photoperiod dependent pathway. The presence of additional florigen producing gene, CcFT8 in ICP20338 which has the ability to flower in a photoperiod independent manner under LD conditions might provide some clues on its photoperiod insensitive nature. This study will provide a detailed characterization of the genes involved in photoperiodic regulation of flowering in C. cajan.

Kishor U Tribhuvan

Antara Das

Harsha Srivastava

Kuldeep Kumar

Kumar Durgesh

Sandhya

S V Amitha Mithra

Pradeep K Jain

Kishor Gaikwad

Identification and characterization of PEBP family genes reveal CcFT8 a probable candidate for photoperiod insensitivity in C. cajan.

鉴定和表征PEBP家族基因揭示CcFT8可能是C. cajan光周期不敏感的可能候选基因。

In the present study, Pleurotus tuber-regium (Rumph. ex Fr.) Singer collected from Keeriparai forest of Kanyakumari district, South India was cultivated using environmentally benign, low-cost agricultural waste residues (paddy straw, sugarcane bagasse, rice husk, and sawdust) as growth substrates. The main goal of this study was to assess the cultivation, yield, and nutritional value of P. tuber-regium fruiting bodies grown under different growth substrates. Spawn running time and time for primordia formation were found to be shorter in mushroom growing with paddy straw substrate compared to sawdust and sugarcane bagasse. A quick spawn run time was observed in paddy straw substrate (12 ± 1 day) followed by sugarcane bagasse (15 ± 1 day) and sawdust (23 ± 1 day). The primordia was well developed in the macrofungus grown with paddy straw substrate on 18 ± 1 day followed by sugarcane bagasse (22 ± 1 day) and sawdust (32 ± 1 day). Significantly higher yield of fruiting bodies with increased contents of protein and carbohydrate and low level of fat was obtained when P. tuber-regium was cultivated with paddy straw substrate. While, cultivation of P. tuber-regium in sawdust and sugarcane bagasse resulted in increased contents of K, Na, Ca, and Mg along with highest energy value. On the other hand, rice husk did not support the cultivation of this macrofungus. Therefore, it is of significant interest to initiate the commercial production of this macrofungus so as to fight against the problems of malnutrition found in few African and south Asian countries.

S Aswathy

S Shyamalagowri

Sowmya Hari

M Kanimozhi

S S Meenambiga

M Thenmozhi

R Karthiyayini

D Suresh

J Manjunathan

Comparative studies on the cultivation, yield, and nutritive value of an edible mushroom, Pleurotus tuber-regium (Rumph. ex Fr.) Singer, grown under different agro waste substrates.

不同农业废弃物基质下栽培的食用菌Pleurotus tuber-regium（Rumph. ex Fr.）Singer的产量及营养价值比较研究

In the present study, we designed and validated genome-wide polymorphic SSR markers (110 SSRs) by mining the walnut genome. A total of 198,924 SSR loci were identified. Among these, successful primers were designed for 162,594 (81.73%) SSR loci. Dinucleotides were the most predominant accounting for 88.40% (175,075) of total SSRs. The SSR frequency was 377.312 SSR/Mb and it showed a decreasing trend from dinucleotide to octanucleotide motifs. We identified 20 highly polymorphic SSR markers and used them to genotype 72 walnut accessions. Over all, we obtained 118 alleles that ranged from 2 to 12 with an average value of 5.9. The higher SSR PIC values indicate their robustness in discriminating walnut genotypes. Heat map, PCA, and population structure categorized 72 walnut genotypes into 2 distinct clusters. The genetic variation within population was higher than among population as inferred by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). For walnut improvement, it is necessary to have a large repository of SSRs with high discriminative power. The present study reports 150,000 SSRs, which is the largest SSR repository for this important nut crop. Scientific communities may use this repository for walnut improvement such as QTL mapping, genetic studies, linkage map construction, and marker-assisted selection.

H. Itoo

Rafiq Ahmad Shah

S. Qurat

Afnan Jeelani

Sheikh Khursheed

Zahoor A. Bhat

M. A. Mir

G. H. Rather

Sajad Majeed Zargar

M. D. Shah

Bilal A. Padder

Genome-wide characterization and development of SSR markers for genetic diversity analysis in northwestern Himalayas Walnut (Juglans regia L.)

西北喜马拉雅地区核桃（Juglans regia L.）基因组范围特征及SSR标记的开发用于遗传多样性分析

(2S)-Naringenin, a dihydro-flavonoid, serves as a crucial precursor for flavonoid synthesis due to its extensive medicinal values and physiological functions. A pathway for the synthesis of (2S)-naringenin from glucose has previously been constructed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through metabolic engineering. However, this synthetic pathway of (2S)-naringenin is lengthy, and the genes involved in the competitive pathway remain unknown, posing challenges in significantly enhancing (2S)-naringenin production through metabolic modification. To address this issue, a novel high-throughput screening (HTS) method based on color reaction combined with a random mutagenesis method called atmospheric room temperature plasma (ARTP), was established in this study. Through this approach, a mutant (B7-D9) with a higher titer of (2S)-naringenin was obtained from 9600 mutants. Notably, the titer was enhanced by 52.3% and 19.8% in shake flask and 5 L bioreactor respectively. This study demonstrates the successful establishment of an efficient HTS method that can be applied to screen for high-titer producers of (2S)-naringenin, thereby greatly improving screening efficiency and providing new insights and solutions for similar product screenings.

Qian Gao

Song Gao

Weizhu Zeng

Jianghua Li

Jingwen Zhou

Enhancing (2S)-naringenin production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by high-throughput screening method based on ARTP mutagenesis.

基于ARTP诱变的高通量筛选方法提高酿酒酵母中(2S)-柚皮素产量。

Rajeswari Ramasamy

Muthukumaran Azhaguchamy

Johnson Retnaraj Samuel Selvan Christyraj

Lalithalakshmi Kanagaraj

Investigating the neuroprotective properties of Sargassum wightii extract against MPP+-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells

研究马尾藻提取物对MPP+诱导的SH-SY5Y人神经母细胞瘤细胞凋亡的神经保护作用

Ikram Allagui

Jazia Sdayria

Khaled Athmouni

Nourhene Zammel

Fatma Guesmi

Mongi Saoudi

Angelo Maria Giuffrè

Mohamed Salah Allagui

Saber Nahdi

Abdel Halim Harrath

Cleome arabica L mitigates bisphenol A-induced ovarian dysfunction and inflammation in Wistar rats: biochemical, histopathological, pharmacokinetic, and in silico studies

阿拉伯白花菜（Cleome arabica L）缓解双酚A诱导的Wistar大鼠卵巢功能障碍和炎症：生化、组织病理学、药代动力学及计算机模拟研究

Hexokinases (HXK) not only facilitate carbohydrate metabolism but also play important roles in sugar sensing in higher plants. HXK gene families have been extensively discussed in many plant species; however, comprehensive information regarding HXKs in sorghum remains unclear. To address this gap, we identified 7 putative sorghum HXKs (SbHXK1 to SbHXK7), and the features of their conserved domains, gene structure, evolutionary tree, and cis-acting elements were systematically characterized to reveal the evolutionary conservation between different plant species. Based on expression profiling, we found that different expression patterns of SbHXKs were associated with different physiological processes, including abiotic stresses. Further qRT-PCR verification under salt and sucrose treatment confirmed that SbHXK2, SbHXK4, and SbHXK5 may play very important roles under high osmotic pressure. Notably, SbHXKs are predominantly localized in the cytoplasm, in contrast to some rice and Arabidopsis HXKs, which are localized in chloroplasts or mitochondria, suggesting divergent roles for SbHXKs. In summary, our study provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the HXK gene family and offers fundamental insights of SbHXKs in sorghum.

Sen Li

Yansheng Liu

Xin’er Qin

Xiaofei He

Shaopeng Han

Yang Lv

Zhuying Deng

Gongjian Zeng

Xinqiang Gao

Yongfeng Hu

Xiangling Shen

Isolation, structure analysis and expression characterization of the Hexokinase gene family in Sorghum bicolor

高粱己糖激酶基因家族的分离、结构分析及表达特性研究

This study investigated the anticancer phytocompounds in leaf extracts of Oxalis latifolia Kunth. Quantitative analysis of the phytochemical composition showed high levels of primary metabolites: carbohydrates (45.11 ± 2.15 GLE mg/100 mg), proteins (28.13 ± 0.94 BSA mg/100 mg), and amino acids (13.25 ± 1.16 LE mg/100 mg). Ethyl acetate extracts had the highest concentrations of secondary metabolites, including phenolic content (122.52 ± 4.27 GAE mg/100 mg), total flavonoids (91.86 ± 2.65 QE mg/100 mg), and alkaloids (82.18 ± 0.72 COLE mg/100 mg). In addition, strong antioxidant activities were observed in the DPPH• scavenging assay (IC50 11.51 ± 2.28 µg/mL), ABTS·+ radical cation scavenging activity (97.42 ± 7.19 µM TE/g), and FRAP assay (14.34 ± 1.24 mM Fe(II)/mg). Based on preliminary analysis, the ethyl acetate extract was fractionated using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), yielding two distinct fractions with Rf values of 0.31 and 0.76. GC-MS analysis of these fractions identified 33 bioactive compounds. These fractions exhibited anticancer activity against the A549 lung cancer cell line, with IC50 values of 47.25 µg/mL and 48.31 µg/mL, as determined by the MTT assay. Furthermore, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) studies on 25 selected compounds indicated favorable pharmacokinetic properties and drug-likeness. In silico molecular docking showed strong binding affinities of these bioactive compounds to the p21 protein, comparable to the synthetic drug Cisplatin-quercetin. The results highlight the potential of O. latifolia in anticancer therapy, particularly through modulation of the p21 pathway, supported by in vitro cytotoxicity assessments, molecular docking, and ADMET analysis.

Arumugam Vignesh

Karuppasamy Dharani

Subramaniam Selvakumar

Krishnan Vasanth

Phytochemical composition, in vitro cytotoxicity and in silico ADME/Tox analysis of the active compounds of Oxalis latifolia Kunth. extracts with promising anticancer potential

酢浆草（Oxalis latifolia Kunth.）提取物活性成分的植物化学组成、体外细胞毒性和计算机模拟ADME/Tox分析及其潜在的抗癌前景

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by Leishmania donovani, remains challenging to treat due to severe side effects and increasing drug resistance associated with current chemotherapies. Our study investigates the anti-leishmanial potential of Rubus ellipticus from Uttarakhand, India, with extracts prepared from leaves and stems using ethanol and hexane. Advanced GC-MS analysis identified over 100 bioactive compounds, which were screened using molecular docking to assess their binding to LdHEL-67, a DDX3-DEAD box RNA helicase of L. donovani. Our results spotlighted nine major compounds with high binding energy, which were then further analyzed for ADMET properties and toxicity predictions, demonstrating their promising pharmacokinetic profiles. Among these, clionasterol emerged as the standout compound, displaying superior results in all in silico analyses compared to Amphotericin B (the control). Notably, clionasterol was present in significant proportions across all the mentioned extracts. Subsequent treatment with these extracts led to a remarkable reduction in the intracellular amastigote and axenic amastigote, and promastigote forms of L. donovani and non-toxic to THP-1-derived macrophages. Moreover, the extracts induced apoptotic effects, as evidenced by the fragmentation of parasitic genomic DNA. This study marks a significant leap in developing herbal-based, target-specific inhibitors against VL. Hence, our findings highlight the immense potential of R. ellipticus as a natural treatment for VL.

Vinita Gouri

Gargi Roy

Akanksha Kanojia

Sumeet Singh

Rohini Muthuswami

Mukesh Samant

Identification of novel inhibitors from Rubus ellipticus as anti-leishmanial agents targeting DDX3-DEAD box RNA helicase of Leishmania donovani

从悬钩子属植物中鉴定新型抗利什曼病抑制剂，靶向杜氏利什曼原虫DDX3-DEAD盒RNA解旋酶

Abbreviation
Journal Impact	2.66
Quartiles(Global)	BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY(Q3)

ISSN	2190-572X, 2190-5738
h-index	69

Publication Information	Publisher: Springer International Publishing AG，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2014，Proportion of original research papers: 82.66%，Self Citation Rate:0.00%， Gold OA Rate: 5.61%

3 Biotech

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