临床化学卷的进展包含学术界和临床实验室科学领域领先专家的材料。这些评论涵盖了广泛的临床化学学科，包括临床生物标志物探索、尖端微阵列技术、蛋白质组学和基因组学。它是临床化学、分子诊断学、病理学和临床实验室科学从业人员不可或缺的资源和实用指南。

Advances in Clinical Chemistry is a significant journal in the field of clinical chemistry, featuring contributions from leading experts in academia and clinical laboratory sciences. The reviews cover a wide range of topics in clinical chemistry, including the exploration of clinical biomarkers, cutting-edge microarray technologies, proteomics, and genomics. This journal serves as an indispensable resource and practical guide for professionals in clinical chemistry, molecular diagnostics, pathology, and clinical laboratory sciences.

《Advances in Clinical Chemistry》是临床化学领域的重要期刊，涵盖了学术界和临床实验室科学领域的领先专家撰写的研究材料。这些评论涉及广泛的临床化学主题，包括临床生物标志物的探索、前沿的微阵列技术、蛋白质组学和基因组学。该期刊是临床化学、分子诊断学、病理学和临床实验室科学从业人员不可或缺的资源和实用指南。

Advances in Clinical Chemistry

We are currently experiencing a rapidly developing era in terms of translational and clinical medical sciences. The relatively mature state of nucleic acid examination has significantly improved our understanding of disease mechanism and therapeutic potential of personalized treatment, but misses a large portion of phenotypic disease information. Proteins, in particular phosphorylation events that regulates many cellular functions, could provide real-time information for disease onset, progression and treatment efficacy. The technical advances in liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry have realized large-scale and unbiased proteome and phosphoproteome analyses with disease relevant samples such as tissues. However, tissue biopsy still has multiple shortcomings, such as invasiveness of sample collection, potential health risk for patients, difficulty in protein preservation and extreme heterogeneity. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have offered a great promise as a unique source of protein biomarkers for non-invasive liquid biopsy. Membranous EVs provide stable preservation of internal proteins and especially labile phosphoproteins, which is essential for effective routine biomarker detection. To aid efficient EV proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses, recent developments showcase clinically-friendly EV techniques, facilitating diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Ultimately, we envision that with streamlined sample preparation from tissues and EVs proteomics and phosphoproteomics analysis will become routine in clinical settings.

Xiaofeng Wu

Anton B Iliuk

W Andy Tao

Advances in clinical chemistry

Adv Clin Chem

Translational proteomics and phosphoproteomics: Tissue to extracellular vesicles.

翻译组学与磷酸化蛋白质组学：从组织到细胞外囊泡。

There is growing demand for novel biomarkers that detect early stage disease as well as monitor clinical management and therapeutic strategies. Exosome analysis could provide the next advance in attaining that goal. Exosomes are membrane encapsulated biologic nanometric-sized particles of endocytic origin which are released by all cell types. Unfortunately, exosomes are exceptionally challenging to characterize with current technologies. Exosomes are between 30 and 200nm in diameter, a size that makes them out of the sensitivity range to most cell-oriented sorting or analysis platforms, i.e., traditional flow cytometers. The most common methods for targeting exosomes to date typically involve purification followed by the characterization and the specific determination of their cargo. The whole procedure is time consuming, requiring thus skilled personnel as well as laboratory facilities and benchtop instrumentation. The most relevant methodology for exosome isolation, characterization and quantification is addressed in this chapter, including the most up-to-date approaches to explore the potential usefulness of exosomes as biomarkers in liquid biopsies and in advanced nanomedicine.

Arnau Pallares-Rusiñol

Mireia Bernuz

Silio Lima Moura

Carolina Fernández-Senac

Rosanna Rossi

Mercè Martí

María Isabel Pividori

Advances in exosome analysis.

外泌体分析的进展。

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a type of lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus), causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This pathophysiologic state destroys the immune system allowing opportunistic infections, cancer and other life-threatening diseases to thrive. Although many analytic tools including enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), indirect and line immunoassay, Western blotting, radio-immunoprecipitation, nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) have been developed to detect HIV, recent developments in nanosensor technology have prompted its use as a novel diagnostic approach. Nanosensors provide analytical information about behavior and characteristics of particles by using biochemical reactions mediated by enzymes, immune components, cells and tissues. These reactions are transformed into decipherable signals, i.e., electrical, thermal, optical, using nano to micro scale technology. Nanosensors are capable of both quantitative and qualitative detection of HIV, are highly specific and sensitive and provide rapid reproducible results. Nanosensor technology can trace infant infection during mother-to-child transmission, the latent HIV pool and monitor anti-HIV therapy. In this chapter, we review nanosensor analytics including electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, SERS-based lateral flow assay, microfluidic channel-based biosensors in the detection of HIV. Other techniques in combination with different biorecognition elements (aptamers, antibodies, oligonucleotides) are also discussed.

Sarthak Nandi

Ayusi Mondal

Akanksha Roberts

Sonu Gandhi

Biosensor platforms for rapid HIV detection.

用于快速检测艾滋病毒的生物传感器平台。

Aptasensors form a class of biosensors that function on the basis of a biological recognition. An aptasensor is advantageous because it incorporates a unique biologic recognition element, i.e., an aptamer, coupled to a transducer to convert a biological interaction to readable signals that can be easily processed and reported. In such biosensors, the specificity of aptamers is comparable to and sometimes even better than that of antibodies. Using the SELEX technique, aptamers with high specificity and affinity to various targets can be isolated from large pools of different oligonucleotides. Nowadays, new modifications of the SELEX technique and, as a result, easy generation and synthesis of aptamers have led to the wide application of these materials as biological receptors in biosensors. In this regard, aptamers promise a bright future. In the present research a brief account is initially provided of the recent developments in aptasensors for various targets. Then, immobilization methods, design strategies, current limitations and future directions are discussed for aptasensors.

Laleh Hosseinzadeh

Mohammad Mazloum-Ardakani

Advances in aptasensor technology.

适配子传感器技术的进展。

OP/nerve agents are still considered as important chemicals acting on living organisms and are widely used. They are characterized according to their action as compounds influencing cholinergic nerve transmission via inhibition of AChE. Modeling of this action and extrapolation of experimental data from animals to humans is more possible for highly toxic agents than for the OP. The symptoms of intoxication comprise nicotinic, muscarinic, and central symptoms; for some OP/nerve agents, a delayed neurotoxicity is observed. Cholinesterases (AChE and BuChE) are characterized as the main enzymes involved in the toxic effect of these compounds, including molecular forms. The activity of both enzymes (and molecular forms) is influenced by inhibitors (reversible, irreversible, and allosteric) and other factors, such as pathological states. There are different methods for cholinesterase determination; however, the most frequent is the method based on the hydrolysis of thiocholine esters and subsequent detection of free SH-group of the released thiocholine. The diagnosis of OP/nerve agent poisoning is based on anamnesis, the clinical status of the intoxicated organism, and on cholinesterase determination in the blood. For nerve agent intoxication, AChE in the red blood cell is more diagnostically important than BuChE activity in the plasma. This enzyme is a good diagnostic marker for intoxication with OP pesticides. Some other biochemical examinations are recommended, especially arterial blood gas, blood pH, minerals, and some other specialized parameters usually not available in all clinical laboratories. These special examinations are important for prognosis of the intoxication, for effective treatment, and for retrospective analysis of the agent used for exposure. Some principles of prophylaxis against OP/nerve agent poisoning comprising the administration of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors such as pyridostigmine (alone or in combination with other drugs), scavengers such as preparations of cholinesterases, some therapeutic drugs, and possible combinations are given. Basic principles of the treatment of nerve agent OP poisoning are described. They are based on the administration of anticholinergics (mostly atropine but some other anticholinergics can be recommended) as a symptomatic treatment, cholinesterase reactivators as a causal treatment (different types but without a universal reactivator against all OP/nerve agents) as the first aid and medical treatment, and anticonvulsants, preferably diazepam though some other effective benzodiazepines are available. New drugs for the treatment are under experimental study based on new approaches to the mechanism of action. Future trends in the complex research of these compounds, which is important not only for the treatment of intoxication but also for the quantitative and qualitative increase of our knowledge of toxicology, neurochemistry, neuropharmacology, clinical biochemistry, and analytical chemistry in general, are characterized.

Jirí Bajgar

Organophosphates/nerve agent poisoning: mechanism of action, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment.

有机磷/神经毒剂中毒：作用机制、诊断、预防与治疗。

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface that regulates the exchange of molecules and cells between the brain parenchyma and the peripheral blood. The BBB is mainly composed of endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes. The integrity of this structure is essential for maintaining brain and spinal cord homeostasis and protection from injury or disease. However, in various neurological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis, the BBB can become compromised thus allowing passage of molecules and cells in and out of the central nervous system parenchyma. These agents, however, can serve as biomarkers of BBB permeability and neuronal damage, and provide valuable information for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Herein, we provide an overview of the BBB and changes due to aging, and summarize current knowledge on biomarkers of BBB disruption and neurodegeneration, including permeability, cellular, molecular and imaging biomarkers. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for developing a biomarker toolkit that can reliably assess the BBB in physiologic and pathophysiologic states.

Juan F. Zapata-Acevedo

Alejandra Mantilla-Galindo

Karina Vargas-Sánchez

Rodrigo E. González-Reyes

Blood-brain barrier biomarkers

血脑屏障生物标志物

Osteopontin (OPN) is a heavily post-translationally modified protein with a molecular weight of 44-70 kDa, depending on the degree of glycosylation. OPN is involved in various biological processes, including bone remodeling, immune response, cell adhesion, migration, and survival. It is essential for controlling osteoclast and osteoblast activity for maintaining bone mass and bone strength. Additionally, OPN has been linked to cardiovascular, inflammatory illnesses, as well as the onset and progression of cancer. OPN is a multifunctional protein that can interact with a variety of cell surface receptors, such as integrins, CD44, the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), as well as extracellular matrix (ECM) components (e.g. collagen and hydroxyapatite). These interactions contribute to its wide range of biological functions in general and has significant implications for bone biology, immunology and cancer, specifically. In this chapter, we summarize the structure of OPN with a focus on its molecular mechanisms of action in various cancers.

Abbreviation	Adv. Clin. Chem.
Journal Impact	6.24

ISSN	0065-2423, 2162-9471
h-index	63

Publication Information	Publisher: Academic Press Inc.，Publishing cycle: Irregular，Journal Type: book-series，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2003，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：>12周，或约稿
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：一般

Advances in Clinical Chemistry

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Translational proteomics and phosphoproteomics: Tissue to extracellular vesicles.

Advances in exosome analysis.

Biosensor platforms for rapid HIV detection.

Advances in aptasensor technology.

Organophosphates/nerve agent poisoning: mechanism of action, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment.

Blood-brain barrier biomarkers

Osteopontin in cancer

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) in kidney diseases

Fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease

D-dimer testing: A narrative review