自 1947 年出版的《微生物学年度评论》涵盖了微生物学领域的重大发展，包括细菌、古生菌、病毒和单细胞真核生物。

Since its inception in 1947, the Annual Review of Microbiology has covered significant developments in the field of microbiology, including research advancements in bacteria, archaea, viruses, and unicellular eukaryotes.

《Annual Review of Microbiology》自1947年出版以来，涵盖了微生物学领域的重要发展，包括细菌、古生菌、病毒和单细胞真核生物的研究进展。

Annual Review of Microbiology

More than 50 protein families have been identified that inhibit CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas-mediated adaptive immune systems. Here, we analyze the available anti-CRISPR (Acr) structures and describe common themes and unique mechanisms of stoichiometric and enzymatic suppressors of CRISPR-Cas. Stoichiometric inhibitors often function as molecular decoys of protein-binding partners or nucleic acid targets, while enzymatic suppressors covalently modify Cas ribonucleoprotein complexes or degrade immune signaling molecules. We review mechanistic insights that have been revealed by structures of Acrs, discuss some of the trade-offs associated with each of these strategies, and highlight how Acrs are regulated and deployed in the race to overcome adaptive immunity.

Tanner Wiegand

Shweta Karambelkar

Joseph Bondy-Denomy

Blake Wiedenheft

Structures and Strategies of Anti-CRISPR-Mediated Immune Suppression

抗CRISPR介导的免疫抑制的结构与策略

The immune system of multicellular organisms protects them from harmful microbes. To establish an infection in the face of host immune responses, pathogens must evolve specific strategies to target immune defense mechanisms. One such defense is the formation of intracellular protein complexes, termed inflammasomes, that are triggered by the detection of microbial components and the disruption of homeostatic processes that occur during bacterial infection. Formation of active inflammasomes initiates programmed cell death pathways via activation of inflammatory caspases and cleavage of target proteins. Inflammasome-activated cell death pathways such as pyroptosis lead to proinflammatory responses that protect the host. Bacterial infection has the capacity to influence inflammasomes in two distinct ways: activation and perturbation. In this review, we discuss how bacterial activities influence inflammasomes, and we discuss the consequences of inflammasome activation or evasion for both the host and pathogen.

Beatrice I. Herrmann

James P. Grayczyk

Igor E. Brodsky

Collab or Cancel? Bacterial Influencers of Inflammasome Signaling

合作还是取消？炎症小体信号的细菌影响因素

▪ Abstract The blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea causes a serious disease on a wide variety of grasses including rice, wheat, and barley. Rice blast is the most serious disease of cultivated rice and therefore poses a threat to the world's most important food security crop. Here, I review recent progress toward understanding the molecular biology of plant infection by M. grisea, which involves development of a specialized cell, the appressorium. This dome-shaped cell generates enormous turgor pressure and physical force, allowing the fungus to breach the host cuticle and invade plant tissue. The review also considers the role of avirulence genes in M. grisea and the mechanisms by which resistant rice cultivars are able to perceive the fungus and defend themselves. Finally, the likely mechanisms that promote genetic diversity in M. grisea and our current understanding of the population structure of the blast fungus are evaluated.

Nicholas J. Talbot

On the Trail of a Cereal Killer: Exploring the Biology of<i>Magnaporthe grisea</i>

追踪谷物杀手：探索<i>Magnaporthe grisea</i>的生物学

Mammals rely entirely on symbiotic microorganisms within their digestive tract to gain energy from plant biomass that is resistant to mammalian digestive enzymes. Especially in herbivorous animals, specialized organs (the rumen, cecum, and colon) have evolved that allow highly efficient fermentation of ingested plant biomass by complex anaerobic microbial communities. We consider here the two most intensively studied, representative gut microbial communities involved in degradation of plant fiber: those of the rumen and the human large intestine. These communities are dominated by bacteria belonging to the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla. In Firmicutes, degradative capacity is largely restricted to the cell surface and involves elaborate cellulosome complexes in specialized cellulolytic species. By contrast, in the Bacteroidetes, utilization of soluble polysaccharides, encoded by gene clusters (PULs), entails outer membrane binding proteins, and degradation is largely periplasmic or intracellular. Biomass degradation involves complex interplay between these distinct groups of bacteria as well as (in the rumen) eukaryotic microorganisms.

Bryan A. White

Raphael Lamed

Edward A. Bayer

Harry J. Flint

Biomass Utilization by Gut Microbiomes

肠道微生物群对生物质的利用

To exist in a wide range of environmental niches, bacteria must sense and respond to a variety of external signals. A primary means by which this occurs is through two-component signal transduction pathways, typically composed of a sensor histidine kinase that receives the input stimuli and then phosphorylates a response regulator that effects an appropriate change in cellular physiology. Histidine kinases and response regulators have an intrinsic modularity that separates signal input, phosphotransfer, and output response; this modularity has allowed bacteria to dramatically expand and diversify their signaling capabilities. Recent work has begun to reveal the molecular basis by which two-component proteins evolve. How and why do orthologous signaling proteins diverge? How do cells gain new pathways and recognize new signals? What changes are needed to insulate a new pathway from existing pathways? What constraints are there on gene duplication and lateral gene transfer? Here, we review progress made in answering these questions, highlighting how the integration of genome sequence data with experimental studies is providing major new insights.

Emily J. Capra

Michael T. Laub

Annu. Rev. Microbiol.

Evolution of Two-Component Signal Transduction Systems

双组分信号转导系统的演化

The Dickeya genus comprises numerous pathogenic species that cause diseases in various crops, vegetables, and ornamental plants across the globe. The pathogens have become very widespread in recent years, and numerous newly identified Dickeya -associated plant diseases have been reported, which poses an immense threat to agricultural production and is a serious concern internationally. Evidence is accumulating that a diversity of hosts, environmental habitats, and climates seems to shape the abundance of Dickeya species in nature and the differentiation of pathogenic mechanisms. This review summarizes the latest findings on the genome diversity and pathogenic mechanisms of Dickeya spp., with a focus on the intricate virulence regulatory mechanisms mediated by quorum sensing and pathogen-host interkingdom communication systems.

Jianuan Zhou

Ming Hu

Lianhui Zhang

Dickeya Diversity and Pathogenic Mechanisms

Dickeya 多样性与致病机制

Bacterial cell growth and division require temporal and spatial coordination of multiple processes to ensure viability and morphogenesis. These mechanisms both determine and are determined by dynamic cellular structures and components, from within the cytoplasm to the cell envelope. The characteristic morphological changes during the cell cycle are largely driven by the architecture and mechanics of the cell wall. A constellation of proteins governs growth and division in Staphylococcus aureus , with counterparts also found in other organisms, alluding to underlying conserved mechanisms. Here, we review the status of knowledge regarding the cell cycle of this important pathogen and describe how this informs our understanding of the action of antibiotics and the specter of antimicrobial resistance.

Mariana G. Pinho

Simon J. Foster

Cell Growth and Division of Staphylococcus aureus

金黄色葡萄球菌的细胞生长与分裂

Introduction, Page 1 of 1 < Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/micro/78/1/annurev-mi-78-100324-100001-1.gif

Susan Gottesman

Introduction

引言

In contrast to the well-known DNA methylation of nucleobases, DNA phosphorothioate (PT) modification occurs in the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone. The non-bridging oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom, which increases the nuclease tolerance of the DNA. In recent years, we have witnessed advances in understanding of PT modification enzymes, the features of PT modification across prokaryotic genomes, and PT-related physiological functions. Although only a small fraction of modifiable recognition sites across bacterial genomes undergo PT modification, enzymes such as DndFGH and SspE can use this modification as a recognition marker to differentiate between self- and non-self-DNA, thus destroying PT-lacking invasive DNA and preventing autoimmunity. We highlight the molecular mechanisms of PT modification–associated defense systems. We also describe notable applications of PT systems in the engineering of phage-resistant bacterial strains, RNA editing, and nucleic acid detection.

Lianrong Wang

Yaqian Tang

Zixin Deng

Shi Chen

DNA Phosphorothioate Modification Systems and Associated Phage Defense Systems

DNA磷硫酰化修饰系统及其相关噬菌体防御系统

Mycoviruses are widely distributed among various kinds of fungi. Over the past 10 years, more novel mycoviruses have been discovered with the use of high-throughput sequencing techniques, and research on mycoviruses has made fantastic progress, promoting our understanding of the diversity, classification, evolution, and ecology of the entire virosphere. Mycoviruses affect the biological and ecological functions of their hosts, for example, by suppressing or improving hosts’ virulence and reproduction ability, and subsequently affect the microbiological community where their hosts live; hence, we may develop mycoviruses to regulate the health of environments, plants, animals, and human beings. In this review, we introduce recently discovered mycoviruses from fungi of humans, animals, plants, and environments, and their diversity, evolution, and ecological characteristics. We also present the potential application of mycoviruses by describing the latest progress on using mycoviruses to control plant diseases. Finally, we discuss the main issues facing mycovirus research in the future.

Abbreviation	Annu. Rev. Microbiol.
Journal Impact	8.35
Quartiles(Global)	MICROBIOLOGY(Q1)

ISSN	0066-4227, 1545-3251
h-index	213

Publication Information	Publisher: Annual Reviews Inc.，Publishing cycle: Annual，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1962，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:0.00%， Gold OA Rate: 28.00%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：约稿?周期不定
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：约稿形式

Annual Review of Microbiology

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