临床微生物学评论 (CMR) 分析了临床微生物学和免疫学的最新发展，提供了该领域的当前知识状态，以及对有争议问题的平衡、发人深省的观点。

Clinical Microbiology Reviews analyzes the latest developments in clinical microbiology and immunology, providing the current state of knowledge in the field and offering balanced and thought-provoking perspectives on controversial issues.

《Clinical Microbiology Reviews》分析了临床微生物学和免疫学的最新发展，提供了该领域的当前知识状态，并对有争议的问题提出了平衡且发人深省的观点。

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

SUMMARY An estimated 750 million people are at risk of infections with food-borne trematodes, which comprise liver flukes ( Clonorchis sinensis , Fasciola gigantica , Fasciola hepatica , Opisthorchis felineus , and Opisthorchis viverrini ), lung flukes ( Paragonimus spp.), and intestinal flukes (e.g., Echinostoma spp., Fasciolopsis buski , and the heterophyids). Food-borne trematodiases pose a significant public health and economic problem, yet these diseases are often neglected. In this review, we summarize the taxonomy, morphology, and life cycle of food-borne trematodes. Estimates of the at-risk population and number of infections, geographic distribution, history, and ecological features of the major food-borne trematodes are reviewed. We summarize clinical manifestations, patterns of infection, and current means of diagnosis, treatment, and other control options. The changing epidemiological pattern and the rapid growth of aquaculture and food distribution networks are highlighted, as these developments might be associated with an elevated risk of transmission of food-borne trematodiases. Current research needs are emphasized.

Jennifer Keiser

Jürg Utzinger

Food-Borne Trematodiases

SUMMARY Though biofilms were first described by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, the theory describing the biofilm process was not developed until 1978. We now understand that biofilms are universal, occurring in aquatic and industrial water systems as well as a large number of environments and medical devices relevant for public health. Using tools such as the scanning electron microscope and, more recently, the confocal laser scanning microscope, biofilm researchers now understand that biofilms are not unstructured, homogeneous deposits of cells and accumulated slime, but complex communities of surface-associated cells enclosed in a polymer matrix containing open water channels. Further studies have shown that the biofilm phenotype can be described in terms of the genes expressed by biofilm-associated cells. Microorganisms growing in a biofilm are highly resistant to antimicrobial agents by one or more mechanisms. Biofilm-associated microorganisms have been shown to be associated with several human diseases, such as native valve endocarditis and cystic fibrosis, and to colonize a wide variety of medical devices. Though epidemiologic evidence points to biofilms as a source of several infectious diseases, the exact mechanisms by which biofilm-associated microorganisms elicit disease are poorly understood. Detachment of cells or cell aggregates, production of endotoxin, increased resistance to the host immune system, and provision of a niche for the generation of resistant organisms are all biofilm processes which could initiate the disease process. Effective strategies to prevent or control biofilms on medical devices must take into consideration the unique and tenacious nature of biofilms. Current intervention strategies are designed to prevent initial device colonization, minimize microbial cell attachment to the device, penetrate the biofilm matrix and kill the associated cells, or remove the device from the patient. In the future, treatments may be based on inhibition of genes involved in cell attachment and biofilm formation.

Rodney M. Donlan

J. William Costerton

Clin Microbiol Rev

Biofilms: Survival Mechanisms of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms

SUMMARY Nontyphoid Salmonella strains are important causes of reportable food-borne infection. Among more than 2,000 serotypes, Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis shows the highest predilection to cause systemic infections in humans. The most feared complication of serotype Cholearesuis bacteremia in adults is the development of mycotic aneurysm, which previously was almost uniformally fatal. The advances in diagnostic techniques, surgical care, and antimicrobial therapy have greatly improved the survival of these patients. However, the recent emergence of serotype Choleraesuis that is resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and, notably, fluoroquinolone antibiotics has aroused concern about the use of these agents for the empirical treatment of systemic infection caused by this organism. In view of the serious implications of the situation, the chain of transmission and mechanism of resistance should be carefully studied to reduce the spread of infection and threat to human health. To date, there are no vaccines available to prevent serotype Choleraesuis infections in humans. The availability, in the near future, of the genome sequence of serotype Cholearesuis will facilitate the development of effective vaccines as well as the discovery of new targets for novel antimicrobial agents.

Cheng-Hsun Chiu

Lin-Hui Su

Chishih Chu

<i>Salmonella enterica</i>Serotype Choleraesuis: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Disease, and Treatment

The emerging pathogenCandida aurishas been associated with nosocomial outbreaks on five continents. Genetic analysis indicates the simultaneous emergence of separate clades of this organism in different geographical locations. Invasive infection and colonization have been detected predominantly in patients in high-dependency settings and have garnered attention due to variable antifungal resistance profiles and transmission within units instituting a range of infection prevention and control measures. Issues with the identification ofC. aurisusing both phenotypic and molecular techniques have raised concerns about detecting the true scale of the problem. This review considers the literature available onC. aurisand highlights the key unknowns, which will provide direction for further work in this field.

Anna Jeffery-Smith

Surabhi K. Taori

Silke Schelenz

Katie Jeffery

Elizabeth M. Johnson

Andrew Borman

Rohini Manuel

Colin S. Brown

Candida auris Incident Management Team

Candida auris: a Review of the Literature

耳念珠菌：文献综述

Identification and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) can substantially reduce the risk of developing active disease. However, there is no diagnostic gold standard for LTBI. Two tests are available for identification of LTBI: the tuberculin skin test (TST) and the gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA). Evidence suggests that both TST and IGRA are acceptable but imperfect tests. They represent indirect markers ofMycobacterium tuberculosisexposure and indicate a cellular immune response toM. tuberculosis. Neither test can accurately differentiate between LTBI and active TB, distinguish reactivation from reinfection, or resolve the various stages within the spectrum ofM. tuberculosisinfection. Both TST and IGRA have reduced sensitivity in immunocompromised patients and have low predictive value for progression to active TB. To maximize the positive predictive value of existing tests, LTBI screening should be reserved for those who are at sufficiently high risk of progressing to disease. Such high-risk individuals may be identifiable by using multivariable risk prediction models that incorporate test results with risk factors and using serial testing to resolve underlying phenotypes. In the longer term, basic research is necessary to identify highly predictive biomarkers.

Madhukar Pai

Claudia M. Denkinger

Sandra V. Kik

Molebogeng X. Rangaka

Alice Zwerling

Olivia Oxlade

John Z. Metcalfe

Adithya Cattamanchi

David W. Dowdy

Keertan Dheda

Niaz Banaei

Gamma Interferon Release Assays for Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

γ干扰素释放试验用于检测结核分枝杆菌感染

SUMMARY Henipaviruses were first identified 30 years ago and have since been associated with over 30 outbreaks of disease in humans. Highly pathogenic henipaviruses include Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), classified as biosafety level 4 pathogens. In addition, NiV has been listed as a priority pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), and the UK Vaccines Research and Development Network (UKVN). Here, we re-examine epidemiological, ecological, clinical, and pathobiological studies of HeV and NiV to provide a comprehensive guide of the current knowledge and application to identify and evaluate countermeasures. We also discuss therapeutic and vaccine development efforts. Furthermore, with case identification, prevention, and treatment in mind, we highlight limitations in research and recognize gaps necessitating additional studies.

Jessica R. Spengler

Michael K. Lo

Stephen R. Welch

Christina F. Spiropoulou

Henipaviruses: epidemiology, ecology, disease, and the development of vaccines and therapeutics

亨尼帕病毒：流行病学、生态学、疾病及疫苗与治疗药物的开发

Graeme Forrest

2024 Acknowledgment of CMR Reviewers

2024年CMR审稿人致谢

SUMMARY Urinary tract infection (UTI) is among the most common infections in clinical practice. In some cases, if left untreated, it can lead to pyelonephritis and urosepsis. In other cases, UTI resolves without treatment. Clinical diagnosis is typically based on patient symptoms and/or urinalysis, including urine dipsticks. The standard urine culture method is sometimes employed to identify the suspected urinary pathogen (uropathogen) and/or guide antimicrobial choice, but results are rarely available before 24 h. The standard urine culture method also misses fastidious, anaerobic, and slow-growing uropathogens and rarely reports polymicrobial infections. The unexplained combination of negative urine cultures with persistent urinary tract symptoms is distressing to both patients and clinicians. Given the broad appreciation of the advantages provided by rapid testing (e.g., for COVID-19 or influenza A), a rapid, accurate diagnostic test is needed to deliver timely treatment to patients seeking care for UTI that optimizes antibiotic stewardship. Herein, we discuss progress being made toward an accessible, timely (i.e., within hours), accurate assay with results that are clinically useful for the treating clinician within the timeframe of the infection (i.e., the growth rate of the pathogen(s)). New and emerging uropathogens often overlooked by current diagnostic techniques are also reviewed.

Robert B. Moreland

Linda Brubaker

Lana Tinawi

Alan J. Wolfe

Rapid and accurate testing for urinary tract infection: new clothes for the emperor

快速准确的尿路感染检测：皇帝的新衣

SUMMARY Bacterial infections with Group B Streptococcus (GBS) are an important cause of adverse outcomes in pregnant individuals, neonates, and infants. GBS is a common commensal in the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts and can be detected in the vagina of approximately 20% of women globally. GBS can infect the fetus either during pregnancy or vaginal delivery resulting in preterm birth, stillbirth, or early-onset neonatal disease (EOD) in the first week of life. The mother can also become infected with GBS leading to postpartum endometritis, and rarely, maternal sepsis. An invasive GBS infection of the neonate may present after the first week of life (late-onset disease, LOD) through transmission from caregivers, breast milk, and other sources. Invasive GBS infections in neonates can result in sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, neurodevelopmental impairment, death, and lifelong disability. A policy of routine screening for GBS rectovaginal colonization in well-resourced countries can trigger the administration of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) when prenatal testing is positive, which drastically reduces rates of EOD. However, many countries do not routinely screen pregnant women for GBS colonization but may administer IAP in cases with a high risk of EOD. IAP does not reduce rates of LOD. A global vaccination campaign is needed to reduce the significant burden of invasive GBS disease that remains among infants and pregnant individuals. In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the global impact of GBS colonization and infection, virulence factors and pathogenesis, and current and future prophylactics and therapeutics.

Gygeria Manuel

Joy Twentyman

Kristen Noble

Alison J. Eastman

David M. Aronoff

Ravin Seepersaud

Lakshmi Rajagopal

Kristina M. Adams Waldorf

Group B streptococcal infections in pregnancy and early life

B族链球菌感染在妊娠期及早期生命中的研究

SUMMARY Infections due to Acinetobacter spp. are among the most difficult to treat. Most are resistant to standard antibiotics, and there is difficulty in distinguishing colonizers from pathogens. This mini-review examines the available antibiotics that exhibit activity against these organisms and provides guidance as to which cultures are relevant and how to treat active infections. Antibiograms describing resistance mechanisms and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) are essential to determine which agent or combination of agents should be used after confirmation of infection, utilizing clinical parameters and biomarkers such as procalcitonin. Directed therapy should be prompt as despite its reputation as a colonizer, the attributable mortality is high. However, although combination therapy is advised, no specific combination has definite evidence of superiority.

Abbreviation	Clin Microbiol Rev
Journal Impact	19.10
Quartiles(Global)	MICROBIOLOGY(Q1)

ISSN	0893-8512, 1098-6618
h-index	331
Top Journals	Yes

Publication Information	Publisher: American Society for Microbiology，Publishing cycle: Quarterly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1988，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:0.00%， Gold OA Rate: 2.02%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：约稿?周期不定
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：多是约稿

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Journal Citation Format

A journal article with 1 author

A journal article with 2 authors

A journal article with 3 authors

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Books Citation Format

Thesis Citation Format

Web sites Citation Format

Patent Citation Format

Staying up late manually editing references? ivySCI automatically matches journals and helps you generate references with a single click.

Share Submission Experience