Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology publishes papers that focus on the interrelationships between culture and psychological processes. Submitted manuscripts may report results from either cross-cultural comparative research or results from other types of research concerning the ways in which culture (and related concepts such as ethnicity) affect the thinking and behavior of individuals as well as how individual thought and behavior define and reflect aspects of culture. Review papers and innovative reformulations of cross-cultural theory will also be considered. Studies reporting data from within a single nation should focus on cross-cultural perspective. Empirical studies must be described in sufficient detail to be potentially replicable.

The Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology publishes papers that focus on the interrelationships between culture and psychological processes. Submitted manuscripts may report results from cross-cultural comparative research or other types of research concerning how culture (and related concepts such as ethnicity) affects individual thinking and behavior, as well as how individual thought and behavior define and reflect aspects of culture. Review papers and innovative reformulations of cross-cultural theory are also welcome. Studies reporting data from within a single nation should focus on a cross-cultural perspective. Empirical studies must be described in sufficient detail to be potentially replicable.

《Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology》致力于发表关注文化与心理过程之间相互关系的论文。提交的手稿可以报告跨文化比较研究的结果，也可以是其他类型的研究，探讨文化（及相关概念如民族性）如何影响个体的思维和行为，以及个体的思维和行为如何定义和反映文化的各个方面。我们也欢迎综述性论文和对跨文化理论的创新性重新阐述。报告来自单一国家的数据的研究应聚焦于跨文化视角。实证研究必须详细描述，以便于潜在的可重复性。

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

This research investigates 3- and 5-year-olds' relative fairness in distributing small collections of even or odd numbers of more or less desirable candies, either with an adult experimenter or between two dolls. The authors compare more than 200 children from around the world, growing up in seven highly contrasted cultural and economic contexts, from rich and poor urban areas, to small-scale traditional and rural communities. Across cultures, young children tend to optimize their own gain, not showing many signs of self-sacrifice or generosity. Already by 3 years of age, self-optimizing in distributive justice is based on perspective taking and rudiments of mind reading. By 5 years, overall, children tend to show more fairness in sharing. What varies across cultures is the magnitude of young children's self-interest. More fairness (less self-interest) in distributive justice is evident by children growing up in small-scale urban and traditional societies thought to promote more collective values.

Philippe Rochat

Maria D. G. Dias

None Guo Liping

Tanya Broesch

Claudia Passos-Ferreira

Ashley Winning

Britt Berg

Fairness in Distributive Justice by 3- and 5-Year-Olds Across Seven Cultures

This study examined self- and group-orientations and their associations with social and psychological adjustment among children in urban and rural China. We expected that self-orientation would be more strongly associated with adjustment in urban children than in rural children whereas group-orientation would be more strongly associated with adjustment in rural children than in urban children. Data on self- and group-orientations and indexes of adjustment were collected for students in urban and rural elementary schools ( N = 990, M age = 11 years) from multiple sources including teacher ratings, self-reports, and school records. The results showed that self-orientation was positively associated with academic achievement (β = .27, t = 5.20, p &lt; .001) and negatively associated with emotional problems (βs = −.12 to −.20, ts = −2.34 to −3.93, ps = .007 to &lt; .001) in urban children; the associations were weaker or nonsignificant in rural children (βs = −.04 to .12, ts = −.83 to 2.54, ps = .405 to .011). Group-orientation was associated with social standing, academic achievement, and psychological well-being more strongly in rural children (βs = −.35 to .36, ts = −7.32 to 7.63, ps = .048 to &lt; .001) than in urban children (βs = −.19 to .20, ts = −.3.75 to 3.77, ps = .432 to &lt; .001). These results indicate different implications of self- and group-orientations for adjustment in urban and rural children in contemporary China.

Xiaoshi Liu

Rui Fu

Dan Li

Junsheng Liu

Xinyin Chen

Self- and Group-Orientations and Adjustment in Urban and Rural Chinese Children

Prior research shows that people feel authentic when they express themselves. In this research, we examined how people from different cultures make inferences about a target person’s authenticity based on information about that person’s self-expression. Our cultural-fit hypothesis proposes that acts of self-expression enhance perceptions of authenticity when they are congruent with the culturally prevalent self-expression norms. In an experiment with Germans and Chinese reading scenarios and making inferences about a hypothetical person, we found that authenticity judgments were the highest, when the target person’s self-expression matched the culturally valued self-expression style—that is, expressing both likes and dislikes in Germany, and expressing only likes but no dislikes in China. Moreover, we found that the interactive effect of self-expression and culture had downstream effects on information processing, such that in the case of counter-cultural self-expression practices participants were more likely to seek information that would compensate for this cultural incongruence.

Michail D. Kokkoris

Ulrich Kühnen

“Express the Real You”

“表达真实的你”

The goal of this study was to examine relations between different forms of social withdrawal (shyness, unsociability) and indexes of adjustment in Chinese and Canadian children. Participants were fourth- to eighth-grade students in urban China ( n = 787) and Canada ( n = 1,033). Data on social withdrawal and adjustment were obtained from multiple sources, including peer nominations, child self-reports, teacher ratings, and school records. Multigroup tests indicated that relations between shyness and adjustment did not differ in Chinese and Canadian children. However, relations between unsociability and adjustment variables were significantly different across the countries, with unsociability more strongly associated with adjustment difficulties in China than in Canada. Results are discussed in terms of historical and cultural backgrounds related to values of group orientation and individuality.

Robert J. Coplan

Xuechen Ding

Lynne Zarbatany

Wendy Ellis

Shyness and Unsociability and Their Relations With Adjustment in Chinese and Canadian Children

羞怯与不善社交及其与中国和加拿大儿童适应的关系

Zhongyong thinking (Doctrine of the Mean) is a traditional Confucius interpersonal style with emphasis on interpersonal harmony and connection. In contemporary society, is Zhongyong thinking beneficial to, or has Zhongyong thinking become an old-fashioned idea with trivial or even detrimental influence on mental health? The current study explored the relationship of Zhongyong thinking and mental health measures in two studies. Study 1 was a cross-sectional survey involving a large representative sample of 8,178 Chinese undergraduate students. We found that Zhongyong thinking was negatively associated with anxiety ( r = −.23, p &lt; .01) and depressive symptoms ( r = −.32, p &lt; .01), but positively associated with self-esteem ( r = .28, p &lt; .01). Compared with low-Zhongyong group, those who scored high on the Zhongyong Thinking Scale had substantially lower scores on anxiety and depressive symptoms, and had higher scores on self-esteem and life satisfaction. In Study 2, we experimentally intervened in Zhongyong thinking in 30 mildly depressed students, comparing mental health outcomes with a randomized control group ( n = 30) who received regular supportive group intervention. We found that training in Zhongyong thinking was more effective in alleviating depressive symptoms compared with the control group. The two studies prove from different aspects that Zhongyong thinking still plays an important role in regulating mental distress and maintaining subjective well-being among contemporary Chinese young adults. Why Zhongyong thinking is beneficial, and how to transmit this traditional cultural heritage to promote emotion regulation strategies are discussed.

Xueling Yang

Peining Zhang

Jingbo Zhao

Jiubo Zhao

Jiaqi Wang

Yu Chen

Siyuan Ding

Xiaoyuan Zhang

Confucian Culture Still Matters

儒家文化依然重要

Control strategies are cognitive, affective, and/or behavioral attempts to improve one’s status quo in social situations. A widely cited dichotomy classifies control strategies into two processes: primary and secondary control. Primary control refers to behaviors aimed at changing one’s external realities, whereas secondary control refers to people’s attempts to change themselves. Previous literature has provided conflicting views regarding the interplay between culture and control orientation: mostly, East Asian preference for secondary control and Western preference for primary control versus universal preference for primary control. We clarify this inconsistency by differentiating between ideal and actual control choices. We hypothesized that primary control would be universally preferred over secondary control at the ideal level, whereas that would not be the case for actual control choices. Consistent with the prediction, a systematic review of the previous research (Study 1) generally supports the hypothesized pattern, and our data from four countries in Study 2 suggest a primacy of primary over secondary control at the ideal level, a preference that is not always manifested in actual choice. An additional analysis of cultural unpackaging showed that, among other individual differences, prevention focus in particular is at play when people hesitate to use primary control despite their desire to use it.

Takafumi Sawaumi

Jenny Kurman

Joonha Park

Angela R. Robinson

Inbal Sagie

Susumu Yamaguchi

Is Primacy of Primary Control Universal? Comparisons Between Ideal-Actual Levels of Control Strategies Among Youth and Emerging Adults Across Four Countries

初级控制的首要性是普遍的吗？四个国家青年和成年初期理想与实际控制策略水平的比较

This meta-analysis investigates the moderating effect of national culture dimensions, as delineated by Hofstede (1991), on the relationship between unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) and its leading antecedents. Leveraging data from 91 published articles, with 175 effect sizes and 36,664 participants across 16 countries, the study investigates the extent to which national culture shapes employees’ inclination for UPB. The results highlight that specific cultural dimensions—power distance, individualism-collectivism, masculinity-femininity, and uncertainty avoidance—exhibit a pronounced impact on the relationships between UPB and specific antecedents, such as moral identity, reciprocity, and job satisfaction. The findings underscore that societies characterized by higher power distance, higher collectivism, more masculinity, and lower uncertainty avoidance are more conducive to UPB, where the pro-organizational element may exert a greater sense of obligation toward organizations among employees. These findings carry significant ramifications for multinational corporations and diverse teams in the context of cross-cultural management and leadership by elucidating how the variations in employees’ inclination toward UPB may be attributed to the moderating impact of their national culture.

Vivek Mishra

Varun Sharma

Deepak Verma

Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior Across the Cultures: A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents From 16 Countries

跨文化不道德亲组织行为：来自16个国家的先行因素元分析

A burgeoning literature on nostalgia has identified the construct’s features, affective content, triggers, and psychological benefits across cultures. It has been argued that nostalgia is a fundamental human emotion. If so, these properties of nostalgia ought to be detected historically. We tested this possibility by relying on classical Chinese poetry, a unique vehicle given its historical relevance to ancient life and ability to express emotion. Content analyses of 600 poems revealed that, across dynasties, nostalgia was perceived and experienced similarly to today. In particular, the central (and also peripheral) features of the construct “nostalgia” were similar, the affective tone of nostalgia was mostly positive, its triggers paralleled contemporary ones (with visual stimuli and close others being most salient), and its psychological benefits were the same (with social connectedness being most prominent). The findings point to nostalgia as fundamental human emotion and open up promising directions of inquiry.

Chao Li

Constantine Sedikides

Tim Wildschut

Jianning Dang

Li Liu

Twenty-Two Centuries of Nostalgia in Classical Chinese Poetry

古典中国诗歌中的二十二个世纪怀旧情结

Youth mental health is a global health priority due to its increasing prevalence and adverse outcomes. Although the relationship between metacognitions and anxiety is well-documented in adults, further research is needed for the younger populations. This research examines two questions: (a) What is the correlation between cognitive self-consciousness and anxiety in children and adolescents? (b) Is this correlation moderated by cultural and socioeconomic differences? Based on 22 effect sizes from 8,459 participants in 11 countries, a meta-analysis was performed to find the overall effect size, heterogeneity, publication bias, and the moderating effect of Hofstede’s four cultural dimensions and United Nation Development Programme’s (UNDP) Human Development Index (HDI). Using the random-effects model, the results revealed that cognitive self-consciousness ( r = .312, p &lt; .0001, 95% confidence interval: [.257, .365]) showing moderate effect size in association with anxiety in children and adolescents. Meta-regressions indicated that power distance, masculinity, and HDI were important moderators. The findings show a significant correlation between cognitive self-consciousness and mental wellness in youth. The results have important implications for understanding the influence of cultural beliefs and national-level context on the associations between cognition and psychopathology. This article provides consistent evidence that there is a lack of mental health research resources in the Global South.

Wei Shi

The Effects of Cognitive Self-Consciousness, Cultural Values, and Socioeconomic Context on Anxiety in Youth: A Meta-Analysis

认知自我意识、文化价值观和社会经济背景对青少年焦虑的影响：一项元分析

The Maya Ch’orti’ people are Indigenous to the border regions of Honduras and Guatemala. For a great number of years, they have faced structural racism and discrimination combined with continued land dispossession. In the contexts of colonization and the creation of the modern Honduran state, any identification with Indigenous groups has generally had negative connotations. Since the advent of the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Discourses (IPRD), however, more communities have actively aligned with the Maya Ch’orti’ people. In our investigation of the ways in which cultural identity and belonging to a Maya Ch’orti’ community have shifted and evolved over time, we analyzed a total of 45 interview transcripts across three time points (1990s: n = 15, 2003–2004: n = 15, and 2018–2019: n = 15) using thematic analysis and a cross–data set analysis. Five major themes were developed: “Our land,” “In the past, we were oppressed and ashamed,” “Difficult present life: We are still oppressed,” “Maya Ch’orti’ revitalization and empowerment,” and “Being Indigenous.” As we compared these themes across our time points, it became apparent that notions of cultural identity have evolved in the Maya Ch’orti’ community from a negative appraisal to a positive, empowered, and confident notion. Our findings are being discussed in connection to the context of the IPRD and Indigenous peoples in other countries.

Daniel Bagheri Sarvestani

Gesa Solveig Duden

Indigeneity in Context—Evolving Maya Ch’orti’ Notions of Cultural Identity: A Qualitative Study From 1993 to 2019

情境中的土著性——玛雅乔尔蒂文化身份观念的演变：1993年至2019年的定性研究

Abbreviation	J. Cross. Cult. Psychol.
Journal Impact	2.36
Quartiles(Global)	PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL(Q2)

ISSN	0022-0221, 1552-5422
h-index	131

Publication Information	Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1970，Proportion of original research papers: 95.38%，Self Citation Rate:4.20%， Gold OA Rate: 22.60%

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

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