American Economic Journal: Economic Policy

When COVID-19 reached Sweden, upper-secondary students (ages 17–19) transitioned to remote instruction, while lower-secondary schools (ages 14–16) remained open. We use this setting as a natural experiment to analyze how modes of instruction affect student mental health. We find a 4.4 percent decrease in mental health care use from remote instruction, primarily due to fewer diagnoses and prescriptions for depression and anxiety. The reduction persists throughout the study period; 21 months after the initial closure and 9 months after schools resumed usual operations. This suggests potential mental health benefits from remote instruction, at least in the medium term. (JEL I12, I18, I21, I28, I31)

Evelina Björkegren

Helena Svaleryd

Jonas Vlachos

American Economic Journal Economic Policy

Remote Instruction and Student Mental Health: Swedish Evidence from the Pandemic

远程教学与学生心理健康：来自瑞典的疫情证据

We test for labor market discrimination based on an understudied characteristic: name fluency. Analysis of recent economics PhD job candidates indicates that name difficulty is negatively related to the probability of landing an academic or tenure-track position and research productivity of initial institutional placement. Discrimination due to name fluency is also found using experimental data from prior audit studies. Within samples of African Americans (Bertrand and Mullainathan 2004) and ethnic immigrants (Oreopoulos 2011), job applicants with less fluent names experience lower callback rates, and name complexity explains roughly between 10 and 50 percent of ethnic name penalties. The results are primarily driven by candidates with weaker résumés, suggesting that cognitive biases may contribute to the penalty of having a difficult-to-pronounce name. (JEL A11, J15, J23, J44, J71)

Qi Ge

Stephen Wu

How Do You Say Your Name? Difficult-to-Pronounce Names and Labor Market Outcomes

你的名字怎么说？难发音的名字与劳动力市场结果

We study the effects of increasing the statutory retirement age (SRA) in the Netherlands, using regression discontinuity design and administrative data on the universe of the population. We find clear and large employment effects of the reform. A simple model in which individuals stay longer in their pre-SRA labor market state predicts the treatment effects well. The employment level before the SRA and the retirement hazard at the SRA are the key determinants of the effects of the policy change. Exploring potential explanations for the high hazard rate observed in the Netherlands, our results point to an important role for employers’ effects. (JEL H55, J14, J26, J32)

Simon Rabaté

Egbert Jongen

Tilbe Atav

Increasing the Retirement Age: Policy Effects and Underlying Mechanisms

提高退休年龄：政策效应与内在机制

We take advantage of provisions of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), which granted legal resident status to long-time unauthorized residents but created new obstacles to employment for more recent immigrants, to explore how employment opportunities affect criminal behavior. Exploiting administrative data on the criminal justice involvement of individuals in San Antonio, Texas and using a triple-differences strategy, we find evidence of an increase in felony charges filed against residents most likely to be negatively affected by IRCA's employment regulations. Our results suggest a strong relationship between access to legal jobs and criminal behavior. (JEL J15, J18, J61, K37, K42, R23)

Matthew Freedman

Emily Owens

Sarah Bohn

Immigration, Employment Opportunities, and Criminal Behavior

移民、就业机会与犯罪行为

Understanding the potential impacts of climate change on economic outcomes requires knowing how agents might adapt to a changing climate. We exploit large variation in recent temperature and precipitation trends to identify adaptation to climate change in US agriculture, and use this information to generate new estimates of the potential impact of future climate change on agricultural outcomes. Longer run adaptations appear to have mitigated less than half—and more likely none—of the large negative short-run impacts of extreme heat on productivity. Limited recent adaptation implies substantial losses under future climate change in the absence of countervailing investments. (JEL Q11, Q15, Q51, Q54)

Marshall Burke

Kyle Emerick

Adaptation to Climate Change: Evidence from US Agriculture

气候变化适应性：来自美国农业的证据

We study the variation of carbon price recommendations and their determinants using survey evidence from more than 400 experts across almost 40 countries. We quantify the extent of disagreement and reveal that a majority of experts can agree on short- and medium-term global carbon price levels, and on unilateral carbon price levels in most countries. The majority of recommendations do not exhibit a “ free riding” pattern of lower unilateral than global carbon prices. Furthermore, border carbon adjustment facilitates higher unilateral price recommendations. We show how recommendations vary with additional survey responses, and with country and expert characteristics. (JEL H43, Q54, Q58)

Moritz A. Drupp

Frikk Nesje

Robert C. Schmidt

Pricing Carbon: Evidence from Expert Recommendations

碳定价：专家建议的证据

We conducted a field experiment that randomized advertisements, advertisement content, and prices across 2,204 counties in the United States to study the impacts on online purchases of naloxone, an opioid overdose reversal drug. Advertising increased web-site users but only impacted purchases when combined with a price reduction. Messages emphasizing the discreet nature of online sales had no additional impact on purchases. Comparing counties with advertisements featuring a highly discounted price to those featuring the full price, we estimate a price elasticity of demand for online naloxone of −1.3. Price is a significant barrier to online purchases of this lifesaving medication. (JEL C93, H75, I12, I18, L65, M37)

Mireille Jacobson

David Powell

Price Sensitivity and Information Barriers to the Take-Up of Naloxone

纳洛酮采用的价格敏感性和信息障碍

Many government program applications result in procedural denials due to administrative burdens associated with applying. We identify the intake interview as a key barrier to take-up of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and study the effect of an alternative application process designed to reduce burdens. Using a field experiment involving 65,000 Los Angeles applicants, we find that access to flexible interviews initiated by the applicant increases approvals by 6 percentage points, doubles early approvals, and increases long-term participation by over 2 percentage points. Our findings highlight the importance of incorporating flexibility when designing program integrity policies to minimize procedural denials. (JEL H75, I18, I38)

Eric Giannella

Tatiana Homonoff

Gwen Rino

Jason Somerville

Administrative Burden and Procedural Denials: Experimental Evidence from SNAP

行政负担与程序性拒绝：来自SNAP的实验证据

We explore the role of identity along multiple dimensions in high-stakes decision-making. Our data contain information about demographic and socioeconomic indicators for defendants and randomly assigned jurors in a Swedish court. Our results show that defendants are 4 to 6 percent less likely to get a prison sentence if judged by one more juror belonging to the same identity-forming group. Moreover, they are given 10 percent shorter prison sentences. Socioeconomic background and demographic attributes are equally important for identity effects, and these effects stem from trials of longer duration and where the defendant is present in the courtroom. (JEL D91, J15, J16, K42, Z13)

Abbreviation	Am. Econ. J. Econ. Policy.
Journal Impact	5.75
Quartiles(Global)	ECONOMICS(Q1)

ISSN	1945-7731, 1945-774X, 1945-7812
h-index	88
Top Journals	Yes

Publication Information	Publisher: American Economic Association，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2009，Proportion of original research papers: 100.00%，Self Citation Rate:1.80%， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%

American Economic Journal: Economic Policy

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Remote Instruction and Student Mental Health: Swedish Evidence from the Pandemic

How Do You Say Your Name? Difficult-to-Pronounce Names and Labor Market Outcomes

Increasing the Retirement Age: Policy Effects and Underlying Mechanisms

Immigration, Employment Opportunities, and Criminal Behavior

Adaptation to Climate Change: Evidence from US Agriculture

Pricing Carbon: Evidence from Expert Recommendations

Price Sensitivity and Information Barriers to the Take-Up of Naloxone

Administrative Burden and Procedural Denials: Experimental Evidence from SNAP

Remote Instruction and Student Mental Health: Swedish Evidence from the Pandemic

Identity in Court Decision-Making