病毒学年度回顾交流了我们对动物、植物、细菌、古细菌、真菌和原生动物病毒的理解方面的令人兴奋的进展。评论突出了基础病毒学、病毒疾病机制、病毒与宿主相互作用以及对病毒感染的细胞和免疫反应的新思想和新方向，并巩固了病毒作为细胞功能独特有力探针的地位。病毒学年度评论于2016 年发布影响因子为 3.345 的期刊引文报告 (JCR)。

The Annual Review of Virology is an annual journal that communicates exciting advancements in our understanding of viruses affecting animals, plants, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protozoa. The reviews highlight foundational virology, mechanisms of viral diseases, interactions between viruses and hosts, and new ideas and directions regarding cellular and immune responses to viral infections, reinforcing the status of viruses as unique and powerful probes of cellular function. This journal was first published in 2016 and has an impact factor of 3.345 according to the Journal Citation Reports (JCR).

《Annual Review of Virology》是一本年度期刊，交流了我们对动物、植物、细菌、古细菌、真菌和原生动物病毒理解方面的最新进展。期刊评论了基础病毒学、病毒疾病机制、病毒与宿主相互作用，以及对病毒感染的细胞和免疫反应的新思想和新方向，巩固了病毒作为细胞功能独特而有力的探针的地位。该期刊于2016年发布，影响因子为3.345（期刊引文报告，JCR）。

Annual Review of Virology

Major advances in our understanding of plant viral genome expression strategies and the interaction of a virus with its host for replication and movement, induction of disease, and resistance responses have been made through the generation of infectious molecules from cloned viral sequences. Autonomously replicating viral vectors derived from infectious clones have been exploited to express foreign genes in plants. Applications of virus-based vectors include the production of human/animal therapeutic proteins in plant cells and the specific study of plant biochemical processes, including those that confer resistance to pathogens. Additionally, virus-induced gene silencing, which is RNA mediated and triggered through homology-dependent RNA degradation mechanisms, has been exploited as an efficient method to study the functions of host genes in plants and to deliver small RNAs to insects. New and exciting strategies for vector engineering, delivery, and applications of plant virus–based vectors are the subject of this review.

Peter Abrahamian

Rosemarie W. Hammond

John Hammond

Plant Virus–Derived Vectors: Applications in Agricultural and Medical Biotechnology

In the absence of an intact interferon (IFN) response, mammals may be susceptible to lethal viral infection. IFNs are secreted cytokines that activate a signal transduction cascade leading to the induction of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Remarkably, approximately 10% of the genes in the human genome have the potential to be regulated by IFNs. What do all of these genes do? It is a complex question without a simple answer. From decades of research, we know that many of the protein products encoded by these ISGs work alone or in concert to achieve one or more cellular outcomes, including antiviral defense, antiproliferative activities, and stimulation of adaptive immunity. The focus of this review is the antiviral activities of the IFN/ISG system. This includes general paradigms of ISG function, supported by specific examples in the literature, as well as methodologies to identify and characterize ISG function.

John W. Schoggins

Annu. Rev. Virol.

Interferon-Stimulated Genes: What Do They All Do?

干扰素刺激基因：它们都有什么作用？

Bacteria and their viruses (bacteriophages or phages) interact antagonistically and beneficially in polymicrobial communities such as the guts of animals. These interactions are multifaceted and are influenced by environmental conditions. In this review, we discuss phage-bacteria interactions as they relate to the complex environment of the gut. Within the mammalian and invertebrate guts, phages and bacteria engage in diverse interactions including genetic coexistence through lysogeny, and phages directly modulate microbiota composition and the immune system with consequences that are becoming recognized as potential drivers of health and disease. With greater depth of understanding of phage-bacteria interactions in the gut and the outcomes, future phage therapies become possible.

Joshua M. Kirsch

Robert S. Brzozowski

Dominick Faith

June L. Round

Patrick R. Secor

Breck A. Duerkop

Bacteriophage-Bacteria Interactions in the Gut: From Invertebrates to Mammals

肠道中的噬菌体-细菌相互作用：从无脊椎动物到哺乳动物

Emergence of insect-transmitted plant viruses over the past 10–20 years has been disproportionately driven by two so-called supervectors: the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and the Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. High rates of reproduction and dispersal, extreme polyphagy, and development of insecticide resistance, together with human activities, have made these insects global pests. These supervectors transmit a diversity of plant viruses by different mechanisms and mediate virus emergence through local evolution, host shifts, mixed infections, and global spread. Associated virus evolution involves reassortment, recombination, and component capture. Emergence of B. tabaci–transmitted geminiviruses (begomoviruses), ipomoviruses, and torradoviruses has led to global disease outbreaks as well as multiple paradigm shifts. Similarly, F. occidentalis has mediated tospovirus host shifts and global dissemination and the emergence of pollen-transmitted ilarviruses. The plant virus–supervector interaction offers exciting opportunities for basic research and global implementation of generalized disease management strategies to reduce economic and environmental impacts.

Robert L. Gilbertson

Ozgur Batuman

Craig G. Webster

Scott Adkins

Role of the Insect Supervectors Bemisia tabaci and Frankliniella occidentalis in the Emergence and Global Spread of Plant Viruses

昆虫超级传播者Bemisia tabaci和Frankliniella occidentalis在植物病毒出现和全球传播中的作用

Before the very recent discovery of umbra-like viruses (ULVs), the signature defining feature of all plant RNA viruses was the encoding of specialized RNA-binding movement proteins (MPs) for transiting their RNA genomes through gated plasmodesmata to establish systemic infections. The vast majority of ULVs share umbravirus-like RNA-dependent RNA polymerases and 3′-terminal structures, but they differ by not encoding cell-to-cell and long-distance MPs and by not relying on a helper virus for trans -encapsidation and plant-to-plant transmission. The recent finding that two groups of ULVs do not necessarily encode MPs is expanding our understanding of the minimum requirements for modern plant RNA viruses. ULV CY1 from citrus uses host protein PHLOEM PROTEIN 2 (PP2) for systemic movement, and related ULVs encode a capsid protein, thereby providing an explanation for the lack of helper viruses present in many ULV-infected plants. ULVs thus resemble the first viruses that infected plants, which were likely deposited from feeding organisms and would have similarly required the use of host proteins such as PP2 to exit initially infected cells.

Anne E. Simon

Diego F. Quito-Avila

Sayanta Bera

Expanding the Plant Virome: Umbra-Like Viruses Use Host Proteins for Movement

扩展植物病毒组：类影病毒利用宿主蛋白进行移动

Of the thousands of viruses infecting humans, only seven cause cancer in the general population. Tumor sequencing is now a common cancer medicine procedure, and so it seems likely that more human cancer viruses already would have been found if they exist. Here, we review cancer characteristics that can inform a dedicated search for new cancer viruses, focusing on Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus as the most recent examples of successful genomic and transcriptomic searches. We emphasize the importance of epidemiology in determining which cancers to examine and describe approaches to virus discovery. Barriers to virus discovery, such as novel genomes and viral suppression of messenger RNA expression, may exist that prevent virus discovery using existing approaches. Optimally virus hunting should be performed in such a way that if no virus is found, the tumor can be reasonably excluded from having an infectious etiology and new information about the biology of the tumor can be found.

Patrick S. Moore

Yuan Chang

Are There More Human Cancer Viruses Left to Be Found?

是否还有更多人类癌症病毒有待发现？

Biomolecular condensates are nonmembrane-bound assemblies of biological polymers such as protein and nucleic acids. An increasingly accepted paradigm across the viral tree of life is (a) that viruses form biomolecular condensates and (b) that the formation is required for the virus. Condensates can promote viral replication by promoting packaging, genome compaction, membrane bending, and co-opting of host translation. This review is primarily concerned with exploring methodologies for assessing virally encoded biomolecular condensates. The goal of this review is to provide an experimental framework for virologists to consider when designing experiments to (a) identify viral condensates and their components, (b) reconstitute condensation cell free from minimal components, (c) ask questions about what conditions lead to condensation, (d) map these questions back to the viral life cycle, and (e) design and test inhibitors/modulators of condensation as potential therapeutics. This experimental framework attempts to integrate virology, cell biology, and biochemistry approaches.

Christine A. Roden

Amy S. Gladfelter

Experimental Considerations for the Evaluation of Viral Biomolecular Condensates

病毒生物分子凝聚物评估的实验考虑

Terence S. Dermody

Julie K. Pfeiffer

Introduction

引言

Xenotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV)-related virus (XMRV) was first described in 2006 in some human prostate cancers. But it drew little attention until 2009, when it was also found, as infectious virus and as MLV-related DNA, in samples from people suffering from myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). This discovery was rapidly followed by efforts of the international research community to understand the significance of the association and its potential to spread widely as an important human pathogen. Within a few years, efforts by researchers worldwide failed to repeat these findings, and mounting evidence for laboratory contamination with mouse-derived virus and viral DNA sequences became accepted as the explanation for the initial findings. As researchers engaged in these studies, we present here a historical review of the rise and fall of XMRV as a human pathogen, and we discuss the lessons learned from these events.

John M. Coffin

Mary F. Kearney

False Alarm: XMRV, Cancer, and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

误报：XMRV、癌症与慢性疲劳综合症

The nucleoplasm, the cytosol, the inside of virions, and again the cytosol comprise the world in which the capsids of alphaherpesviruses encounter viral and host proteins that support or limit them in performing their tasks. Here, we review the fascinating conundrum of how specific protein-protein interactions late in alphaherpesvirus infection orchestrate capsid nuclear assembly, nuclear egress, and cytoplasmic envelopment, but target incoming capsids to the nuclear pores in naive cells to inject the viral genomes into the nucleoplasm for viral transcription and replication. Multiple capsid interactions with viral and host proteins have been characterized using viral mutants and assays that reconstitute key stages of the infection cycle. Keratinocytes, fibroblasts, mucosal epithelial cells, neurons, and immune cells employ cell type–specific intrinsic and cytokine-induced resistance mechanisms to restrict several stages of the viral infection cycle. However, concomitantly, alphaherpesviruses have evolved countermeasures to ensure efficient capsid function during infection.

Katinka Döhner

Manutea Christophe Serrero

Abel Viejo-Borbolla

Beate Sodeik

A Hitchhiker's Guide Through the Cell: The World According to the Capsids of Alphaherpesviruses

细胞漫游指南：阿尔法疱疹病毒衣壳的世界

Abbreviation	Annu. Rev. Virol.
Journal Impact	8.00
Quartiles(Global)	VIROLOGY(Q1)

ISSN	2327-056X, 2327-0578
h-index	67

Publication Information	Publisher: Annual Reviews Inc.，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2014，Proportion of original research papers: 100.00%，Self Citation Rate:0.00%， Gold OA Rate: 89.19%

Annual Review of Virology

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